ايمانويل لاسكر

(تم التحويل من لاسكر)
Emanuel Lasker
الاسم الكاملEmanuel Lasker
البلدألمانيا
وُلِدDecember 24, 1868
Berlinchen, پروسيا (الآن بارلينك، پولندا)
توفي11 يناير 1941 (عن عمر 72)
مدينة نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
بطولة العالم1894–1921

'إمانويل لاسكر Emanuel Lasker ‏(24 ديسمبر 1868 – 11 يناير 1941) هو عالم رياضيات ولاعب شطرنج ألماني.

حياته

ولد ايمانويل لاسكر في 24 ديسمبر 1868 في برلينشر مدينة صغيرة بألمانيا ، أبوه وزير الثقافة . تعلم لاسكر اللعبة مع أخيه برتولد، كان لاسكر يتردد على المقاهي التي تنظم مباريات في الشطرنج ، حيث فاز بأول دوري مفتوح الذي نظمه المقهى كايزرهوف، وذلك في سنة 1888 - 1889، في برسلاو . في سنة 1890 فاز بعدة لقاءات في ألمانيا وإنگلترة ، حيث أكد أنه، إلى جانب طاراش, المنافس الوحيد لستاينتز على اللقب العالمي استطاع ان سيسيطر على العالم 27 سنه دون ان يتغلب عليه احد وهو اكثر لاعب حقق القب العالمي و ألف كتاب عن الشطرنج اسماه الستين ثانيه بطريقته التي يتغلب على المنافسين بستين ثانية.

النشاط الأكاديمي 1894–1918

David Hilbert encouraged Lasker to obtain a PhD in mathematics.

Despite his superb playing results, chess was not Lasker's only interest. His parents recognized his intellectual talents, especially for mathematics, and sent the adolescent Emanuel to study in Berlin (where he found he also had a talent for chess). Lasker gained his abitur (high school graduation certificate) at Landsberg an der Warthe, now a Polish town named Gorzów Wielkopolski but then part of Prussia. He then studied mathematics and philosophy at the universities in Berlin, Göttingen (where David Hilbert was one of his doctoral advisors) and Heidelberg.[1]

In 1895 he published two mathematical articles in Nature.[2] On the advice of David Hilbert he registered for doctoral studies at Erlangen during 1900–1902.[1] In 1901 he presented his doctoral thesis Über Reihen auf der Convergenzgrenze ("On Series at Convergence Boundaries") at Erlangen and in the same year it was published by the Royal Society.[3][4] He was awarded a doctorate in mathematics in 1902.[1] His most significant mathematical article, published in 1905, established a theorem on primary decompositions of which Emmy Noether developed a more generalized form, which is now regarded as of fundamental importance to abstract algebra and algebraic geometry.[5][1]

Lasker held short-term positions as a mathematics lecturer at Tulane University in New Orleans (1893) and Victoria University in Manchester (1901; Victoria University was one of the "parents" of the current University of Manchester).[1] However, he was unable to secure a longer-term position, and pursued his scholarly interests independently.[6]

In 1906 Lasker published a booklet titled Kampf (Struggle),[7] in which he attempted to create a general theory of all competitive activities, including chess, business and war. He produced two other books which are generally categorized as philosophy, Das Begreifen der Welt (Comprehending the World; 1913) and Die Philosophie des Unvollendbar (sic; The Philosophy of the Unattainable; 1918).[1]

عمالقة الشطرنج

نتائج المسابقات

The following table gives Lasker's placings and scores in tournaments.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

Date Location Place Score Notes
1888/89 Berlin (Café Kaiserhof) 1st 20/20 +20 −0 =0  
1889 Breslau "B" 1st = 12/15 +11 −2 =2 Tied with von Feyerfeil and won the play-off. This was Hauptturnier A of the sixth DSB Congress, i.e. the "second-division" tournament.
1889 Amsterdam "A" tournament 2nd 6/8 +5 −1 =2 Behind Amos Burn; ahead of James Mason, Isidor Gunsberg and others. This was the stronger of the two Amsterdam tournaments held at that time.
1890 Berlin 1–2 6½/8 +6 −1 =1 Tied with his brother Berthold Lasker.
1890 Graz 3rd 4/6 +3 −1 =2 Behind Gyula Makovetz and Johann Hermann Bauer.
1892 London 1st 9/11 +8 −1 =2 Ahead of Mason and Rudolf Loman.[15]
1892 London 1st 6½/8 +5 −0 =3 Ahead of Joseph Henry Blackburne, Mason, Gunsberg and Henry Edward Bird.
1893 New York City 1st 13/13 +13 −0 =0 Ahead of Adolf Albin, Jackson Showalter and a newcomer called Harry Nelson Pillsbury.
1895 Hastings 3rd 15½/21 +14 −4 =3 Behind Pillsbury and Mikhail Chigorin; ahead of Siegbert Tarrasch, Wilhelm Steinitz and the rest of a strong field.
1895/96 St. Petersburg 1st 11½/18 +8 −3 =7 A Quadrangular tournament; ahead of Steinitz (by two points), Pillsbury and Chigorin.
1896 Nuremberg 1st 13½/18 +12 −3 =3 Ahead of Géza Maróczy, Pillsbury, Tarrasch, Dawid Janowski, Steinitz and the rest of a strong field.
1899 London 1st 23½/28 +20 −1 =7 Ahead of Janowski, Pillsbury, Maróczy, Carl Schlechter, Blackburne, Chigorin and several other strong players.
1900 Paris 1st 14½/16 +14 −1 =1 Ahead of Pillsbury (by two points), Frank James Marshall, Maróczy, Burn, Chigorin and several others.
1904 Cambridge Springs 2nd = 11/15 +9 −2 =4 Tied with Janowski; two points behind Marshall; ahead of Georg Marco, Showalter, Schlechter, Chigorin, Jacques Mieses, Pillsbury and others.
1906 Trenton Falls 1st 5/6 +4 −0 =2 A Quadrangular tournament; ahead of Curt, Albert Fox and Raubitschek.
1909 St. Petersburg 1st = 14½/18 +13 −2 =3 Tied with Akiba Rubinstein; ahead of Oldřich Duras and Rudolf Spielmann (by 3½ points), Ossip Bernstein, Richard Teichmann and several other strong players.
1914 St. Petersburg 1st 13½/18 +10 −1 =7 Ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall. This tournament had an unusual structure: there was a preliminary tournament in which eleven players played each other player once; the top five players then played a separate final tournament in which each player who made the "cut" played the other finalists twice; but their scores from the preliminary tournament were carried forward. Even the preliminary tournament would now be considered a "super-tournament". Capablanca "won" the preliminary tournament by 1½ points without losing a game, but Lasker achieved a plus score against all his opponents in the final tournament and finished with a combined score ½ point ahead of Capablanca's.
1918 Berlin 1st 4½/6 +3 −0 =3 Quadrangular tournament. Ahead of Rubinstein, Schlechter and Tarrasch.
1923 Moravská Ostrava 1st 10½/13 +8 −0 =5 Ahead of Richard Réti, Ernst Grünfeld, Alexey Selezniev, Savielly Tartakower, Max Euwe and other strong players.
1924 New York City 1st 16/20 +13 −1 =6 Ahead of Capablanca (by 1½ points), Alekhine, Marshall, and the rest of a very strong field.
1925 Moscow 2nd 14/20 +10 −2 =8 Behind Efim Bogoljubow; ahead of Capablanca, Marshall, Tartakower, Carlos Torre, other strong non-Soviet players and the leading Soviet players.
1934 Zürich 5th 10/15 +9 −4 =2 Behind Alekhine, Euwe, Salo Flohr and Bogoljubow; ahead of Bernstein, Aron Nimzowitsch, Gideon Ståhlberg and various others.
1935 Moscow 3rd 12½/19 +6 −0 =13 half a point behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Flohr; ahead of Capablanca, Spielmann, Ilya Kan, Grigory Levenfish, Andor Lilienthal, Viacheslav Ragozin and others. Emanuel Lasker was about 67 years old at the time.
1936 Moscow 6th 8/18 +3 −5 =10 Capablanca won.
1936 Nottingham 7–8th 8½/14 +6 −3 =5 Capablanca and Botvinnik tied for first place.

نتائج المباريات

Here are Lasker's results in matches.[16][17][18][19] The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

Date Opponent Result Location Score Notes
1889 E.R. von Feyerfeil Won Breslau 1−0 +1 −0 =0 Play-off match
1889/90 Curt von Bardeleben Won Berlin 2½−1½ +2 −1 =1  
1889/90 Jacques Mieses Won Leipzig 6½−1½ +5 −0 =3  
1890 Berthold Lasker Drew Berlin ½−½ +0 −0 =1 Play-off match
1890 Henry Edward Bird Won Liverpool 8½−3½ +7 −2 =3  
1890 N.T. Miniati Won Manchester 4−1 +3 −0 =2  
1890 Berthold Englisch Won Vienna 3½−1½ +2 −0 =3  
1891 Francis Joseph Lee Won London 1½−½ +1 −0 =1  
1892 Joseph Henry Blackburne Won London 8−2 +6 −0 =4  
1892 Bird Won Newcastle upon Tyne 5−0 +5 −0 =0  
1892/93 Jackson Showalter Won Logansport and Kokomo, Indiana 7−3 +6 −2 =2  
1893 Celso Golmayo Zúpide Won Havana 2½−½ +2 −0 =1  
1893 Andrés Clemente Vázquez Won Havana 3−0 +3 −0 =0  
1893 A. Ponce Won Havana 2−0 +2 −0 =0  
1893 Alfred Ettlinger Won New York City 5−0 +5 −0 =0  
1894 Wilhelm Steinitz Won New York, Philadelphia, Montreal 12−7 +10 −5 =4 World Championship match
1896/97 Steinitz Won Moscow 12½−4½ +10 −2 =5 World Championship match
1901 Dawid Janowski Won Manchester 1½−½ +1 −0 =1  
1903 Mikhail Chigorin Lost Brighton 2½−3½ +1 −2 =3 Rice Gambit match
1907 Frank James Marshall Won New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C.,
Baltimore, Chicago, Memphis		 11½−3½ +8 −0 =7 World Championship match
1908 Siegbert Tarrasch Won Düsseldorf, Munich 10½−5½ +8 −3 =5 World Championship match
1908 Abraham Speijer Won Amsterdam 2½−½ +2 −0 =1  
1909 Janowski Drew Paris 2−2 +2 −2 =0 Exhibition match
1909 Janowski Won Paris 8−2 +7 −1 =2  
1910 Carl Schlechter Drew Vienna−Berlin 5−5 +1 −1 =8 World Championship match
1910 Janowski Won Berlin 9½−1½ +8 −0 =3 World Championship match
1914 Ossip Bernstein Drew Moscow 1−1 +1 −1 =0 Exhibition match
1916 Tarrasch Won Berlin 5½−½ +5 −0 =1  
1921 José Raúl Capablanca Lost Havana 5−9 +0 −4 =10 lost World Championship
1940 Frank James Marshall Lost New York ½−1½ +0 −1 =1 exhibition match

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة dcsStAndrewsLaskerBio
  2. ^ Lasker, Emanuel (August 1895). "Metrical Relations of Plane Spaces of n Manifoldness". Nature. 52 (1345): 340–343. Bibcode:1895Natur..52R.340L. doi:10.1038/052340d0. S2CID 4017358.
    Lasker, Emanuel (October 1895). "About a certain Class of Curved Lines in Space of n Manifoldness". Nature. 52 (1355): 596. Bibcode:1895Natur..52..596L. doi:10.1038/052596a0. S2CID 4016031.
  3. ^ Reshevsky, Samuel (1976). Great Chess Upsets. Arco. ISBN 0-668-03492-0.
  4. ^ Lasker, Emanuel (1901). "Über Reihen auf der Convergenzgrenze". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 196 (274–286): 431–477. Bibcode:1901RSPTA.196..431L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1901.0009.
  5. ^ Lasker, E. (1905). "Zur Theorie der Moduln und Ideale". Math. Ann. 60 (1): 20–116. doi:10.1007/BF01447495. S2CID 120367750.
    Noether, Emmy (1921). "Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen". Mathematische Annalen. 83 (1): 24–66. Bibcode:1921MatAn..83...24N. doi:10.1007/BF01464225. S2CID 121594471. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2013. For the relationship between Lasker's work and Noether's see "Lasker ring". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Springer. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
  6. ^ "Lasker: New Approaches". Lasker-Gesellschaft. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2008.; also available at "Lasker: New Approaches" (PDF). ChessCafe. Retrieved May 2, 2008.. This refers to Sieg, Ulrich; Dreyer, Michael (2001). Emanuel Lasker: Schach, Philosophie und Wissenschaft (Emanuel Lasker: Chess, Philosophy and Science). Philo. ISBN 3-8257-0216-2..
  7. ^ Many sources say Kampf was published in 1907, but Lasker said 1906 - Lasker, Emanuel (1960) [1932]. Lasker's Manual of Chess. Dover.
  8. ^ "I tornei di scacchi dal 1880 al 1899". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  9. ^ Bill Wall. "Dr. Emanuel Lasker (1868-1941)". GeoCities.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  10. ^ "I tornei di scacchi dal 1900 al 1909". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  11. ^ "I tornei di scacchi dal 1910 al 1919". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  12. ^ "I tornei di scacchi dal 1920 al 1929". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  13. ^ "I tornei di scacchi dal 1930 al 1939". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  14. ^ "London 1883 and 1899". Endgame.nl. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  15. ^ Gillam, A.J. (2008). London March 1892; London March/April 1892; Belfast 1892. The Chess Player. ISBN 978-1-901034-59-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  16. ^ "I matches 1880/99". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  17. ^ Select the "Career details" option at Jeff Sonas. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: Emanuel Lasker (career details)". Chessmetrics.com. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  18. ^ "I matches 1900/14". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  19. ^ "I matches 1915/29". La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2009-09-04.

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بايمانويل لاسكر، في معرفة الاقتباس.


اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Lasker's Chess Magazine
Volume 1


إنجـازات
سبقه
Wilhelm Steinitz 		World Chess Champion
1894–1921 		تبعه
José Raúl Capablanca
الكلمات الدالة:
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