كونگسبرگ

Coordinates: 59°40′10″N 09°39′06″E / 59.66944°N 9.65167°E / 59.66944; 9.65167
إذا كنت تريد شركة التعدين، انظر مناجم كونگسبرگ للفضة. إذا كنت تريد صانع السلاح، انظر مجموعة كونگسبرگ. إذا كنت تريد المكان في كاليفورنيا، انظر سيلڤر ماونتن، كاليفورنيا.
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين كونيگزبرگ.
كونگسبرگ
Kongsberg Municipality
كونگسبرگ
Kongsberg kommune
بلدية
كونگسبرگ في يوليو 2006
كونگسبرگ في يوليو 2006
درع كونگسبرگ Kongsberg Municipality
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Teknologibyen
مدينة التكنولوجيا
Viken ضمن النرويج
Viken ضمن النرويج
كونگسبرگ Kongsberg Municipality is located in ڤيكن (مقاطعة)
كونگسبرگ Kongsberg Municipality
كونگسبرگ
Kongsberg Municipality
Viken ضمن النرويج
كونگسبرگ Kongsberg Municipality is located in Norway
كونگسبرگ Kongsberg Municipality
كونگسبرگ
Kongsberg Municipality
كونگسبرگ
Kongsberg Municipality (Norway)
الإحداثيات: 59°40′10″N 09°39′06″E / 59.66944°N 9.65167°E / 59.66944; 9.65167
البلدالنرويج
المقاطعةViken
الناحيةبسكرى السفلى
مركز إداريكونگسبرگ
الحكومة
 • Mayor (2015)Kari Anne Sand (Sp)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي792 كم² (306 ميل²)
 • البر753 كم² (291 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة#138s in Norway
التعداد
 (2011)
 • الإجمالي25٬090
 • الترتيب#27 in Norway
 • الكثافة31٫2/km2 (81/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
▲ +8٫9%
صفة المواطنKongsbering/ Kongsbergenser
Kongsbergensar[1]
اللغة الرسمية
[2]
 • صيغة النرويجيةبوكمول
منطقة التوقيتUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-3006
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

كونگسبرگ ( Kongsberg ؛ النطق النرويجي: [ˈkɔ̂ŋːsbær(ɡ)] ( استمع)) هي بلدة مناجم وبلدية تاريخية في بسكرى، مقاطعة ڤيكن، النرويج. وتقع المدينة على نهر Numedalslågen عند مدخل وادي نومدال. كونگسبرگ هي مركز تعدين الفضة، وانتاج السلاح وقطع الأخشاب، لقرون، وهي مقر صناعة التكنولوجيا المتقدمة بما في ذلك المقر الرئيسي لأكبر صانع سلاح بالنرويج، مجموعة كونگسبرگ.

كونگسبرگ، وكانت تـُكتب في السابق Konningsberg (حرفياً "جبل الملك")، نمَت كمدينة تعدين على أساس مناجم كونگسبرگ للفضة، تأسست وسُميت على اسم الملك كريستيان الرابع من الدنمارك والنرويج في 1624. دعا الملك المهندسين والمختصين الألمان من ساكسونيا ومنطقة هارتس ليساعدوا في بناء شركة التعدين. كمدينة تعدين، تميزت كونگسبرگ بثقافة حضرية عن محيطها، وتأثرت بقوة بتقاليد مجتمعات المناجم في ألمانيا واِستُخدِمت اللغة الألمانية على نطاق واسع في أعمال المناجم والتعدين وللخدمات الدينية. In the first years nearly half of the city's population were German immigrants, and the majority of the engineers and executives were German immigrants and their descendants well into the 19th century, becoming a distinct social class called mining families that formed the educated social elite of Kongsberg in contrast to the Norwegian farming population; the first Nobel laureate in economics Ragnar Frisch belonged to such a Kongsberg mining family. By the 18th century Kongsberg was Norway's second largest city, second only to Bergen. Kongsberg was one of Norway's two privileged mining cities and thus formed a special mining jurisdiction (نرويجية: Bergstad)، وأصبحت فقط جزء من مقاطعة بسكرى في 1760. وفي 1 يناير 1838، the new national law, creating local governments, made Kongsberg a municipality. The rural municipalities of Ytre Sandsvær and Øvre Sandsvær were merged into the municipality of Kongsberg in 1964. Kongsberg gradually lost importance to other cities in the 19th century, particularly to the rapidly growing capital of كريستيانيا (أسلو).

The Kongsberg Silver Mines closed in 1958 after operating for 334 years and is today a museum and the city's main tourist attraction. Kongsberg remains the site of the Royal Norwegian Mint (نرويجية: Det Norske Myntverket), which mints Norwegian coins and also produces circulating and collectors' coins for other countries. Kongsberg is also the home of Norway's major defence contractor, Kongsberg Gruppen, founded in 1814. Two of its best-known products were the Kongsberg Colt and the Krag–Jørgensen rifle.[3]

Both the University of South-Eastern Norway Kongsberg campus, and Tinius Olsen's school, a combined technical vocational college and secondary school, are located in Kongsberg.

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الأقليات

Number of minorities (1st and 2nd generation) in Kongsberg by country of origin in 2017[4]
الأصل العدد
 پولندا 336
 لتوانيا 282
 الهند 217
 السويد 211
 الدنمارك 175
 أفغانستان 164
 العراق 160
 إيران 136
 المملكة المتحدة 127
 إرتريا 118
 الفلپين 117
 ألمانيا 110


التاريخ

Classic Kongsberg wire-silver, collected in the 1980s. Size 1.4 cm × 1 cm × 0.9 cm (0.55 in × 0.39 in × 0.35 in)
Entrance to Christian 7. Stoll.
Inside the mines. Christian 7. Stoll (right), «skråplanet» (down to the left)
Kongsberg Silver Mines
From Kings Mine, drawn by Johannes Flintoe in 1834, depicting the work of the Kongsberg mine.

كونگسبرگ أسسها الملك الدنماركي-النرويجي كريستيان الرابع كمجتمع للتعدين في 1624 after the discovery of silver. In its second year, the town of Kongsberg and the Kongsberg Silver Mines began. According to official records, silver was first discovered by the shepherds children Helga Verp and Jacob Grosvold in the summer of 1623. However, the existence of deposits of precious metals was known previously, as evidenced by indications of earlier silver mining. With the rise of silver mining, Kongsberg became the largest industrial center in Norway before the industrial revolution. At the peak of silver mining in the early eighteenth century, Kongsberg's silver mines and related industries contributed 10% of the Denmark–Norway gross national product.

To develop the Kongsberg Silver Mines, Christian IV hired Germans from the silver mines of Saxony and Harz and brought in Germans from other mines in Norway. The Germans brought their knowledge of mining technology, especially important during the start-up phase. Before 1623, the city was located in the royal territory of Sandsvær.

Four years after the establishment of the Kongsberg Silver Mines, most of the 1,500 workers and officials were still German. Gradually, Norwegians entered the workforce and were hired as supervisors. In 1636, 1,370 Germans and 1,600 Norwegians were employed there. In 1648, there were 1,500 Germans and 2,400 Norwegians working in Kongsberg.

Gunpowder was officially introduced in mining in 1681. Mining in the particularly hard rock of Kongsberg Mountain was energy intensive, so the silver mine continued to develop new technology to reduce production costs. A large artificial dam powered the mine's hoists before electricity was introduced. In 1624, a road from Hokksund to Kongsberg was built to serve the Kongsberg Silver Mines, the most important road built in Norway in the 17th century. In 1665, the road was extended to Kristiansand and Larvik.

By 1683, the mining industry was an important industry of the state. The rapid development of Kongsberg meant that the number of workers in the city had increased significantly by the end of the 17th century. The proportion of Norwegians in the workforce increased, but for a long time, the main staff was dominated by Germans. Kongsberg was almost an outpost of Germany in Norway: the mine had a German name, and the official language was German, only later becoming bilingual (German and Danish). In Kongsberg, the German mountain justice system was also used. Legally, this means that the city was bound by independent regulations, partially separating the mining community from the country's legal system. The Germans brought with them the Knappschaft, a guild-like association of miners that provided including free medical assistance, a pension plan, worker sick leave and a Saturday break. The ring agriculture characteristic of Kongsberg may also have been inspired by the German pattern.

The proceeds from silver mining provided a valuable assistance to the tight finances of Denmark. Denmark–Norway relied heavily on the silver of Kongsberg to support an ongoing war against Sweden. Precious metals also became more and more important in the currency, and to get closer to its source of raw materials, the Royal Mint moved in 1686 from Akershus to Kongsberg. During the Great Northern War in 1716, the city became the main target of Karl XII’s foray into Norderhof.

Kongsberg was particularly known for its Kongsberg Silver Mines and their high purity. Kongsberg's ore also contained a certain amount of gold and large amounts of copper, cobalt, lead-zinc and fluorite. Roughly 15,750 tonnes (34,720,000 lb) [5] of silver was extracted between the discovery of the silver ore seams in 1623 and the last year of mining in 1957. The workforce at the Kongsberg silver mine began to increase substantially at the end of the 17th century. In the 1769 census, the mines employed about 4,000 workers. With 8,000 inhabitants in all, the town was the second largest in Norway, after Bergen (and thus larger than today's capital, Oslo).[6]

In Norway's 1749 census, Kongsberg was the most populous town in Eastern Norway. It was granted its royal charter of trade—amounting to official township—in 1802. Following several hard years with reduced silver output from the mines, the war of 1807–1814, and a severe town fire in 1810 where 56 houses on the west side were destroyed, mining was complemented by the government establishing a defense industry in 1814. By 1835, the population had declined to 3,540.

Kongsberg is home to the Royal Norwegian Mint (نرويجية: Det Norske Myntverket), which mints Norwegian coins and also produces circulating and collectors' coins for other countries such as Israel. It was established in 1686, and was renamed from the Royal Norwegian Mint (نرويجية: Den Kongelige Mynt) in 2004 after having been sold to private investors (the Mint of Finland and Norwegian company Samlerhuset) in 2003. Kongsberg is also the site of the Kongsberg School of Mines (Kongsberg Bergseminar), an academic institution for mining technology which operated from 1757 to 1814.[7][8]

During peaceful times, the defence industry gradually evolved into many other kinds of high tech activities as well, now dominating the town's employment.[بحاجة لمصدر] In 1987, however, the state-owned Kongsberg Weapons Factory (Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk) suffered a major financial crisis as well as accusations of breaching the CoCom rules by selling sensitive technology to the Soviet bloc.[بحاجة لمصدر] As a result, the company was split into several smaller units and partly sold to private investors.[بحاجة لمصدر] Today, the separate firms thrive as one of Norway's main high-tech industrial clusters, centering on the defence and maritime company Kongsberg Gruppen which is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.[بحاجة لمصدر]

On 13 October 2021, a man stabbed multiple people with a bladed weapon, killing five and injuring three. Police subsequently apprehended a suspect whom the Kongsberg police chief later told reporters was a Muslim convert.[9][10]

الدرع

The coat-of-arms is from modern times and was designed by Hallvard Trætteberg. They were granted on 25 August 1972. They are based upon the old seal for the city from 1689 which shows the Roman god Janus dressed as an emperor (to represent the king); the sword and the pair of scales represents justice. The colour green represents the forests, silver represents the mountains, and gold represents wealth.[11]

الجغرافيا

Kongsberg is located at the mouth of the valley Numedal; farther to the South the valley is called Lågendalen.

The neighbouring municipalities of Kongsberg are Flesberg to the north; Øvre Eiker and Hof to the east; Lardal, Siljan, and Skien to the south; and Sauherad and Notodden to the west. Of these, the two first lie in Buskerud county like Kongsberg, while Hof and Lardal lie in Vestfold, and the others lie in Telemark. The town is divided by the river Numedalslågen, which has three waterfalls in the town itself.

المناخ

Kongsberg has a humid continental climate (Dfb), with late summer and autumn as the wettest season and February - April as the driest season. Kongsberg has warm summers by Norwegian standards; average daily highs in summer are comparable to Oslo. In winter Kongsberg is colder than Oslo, and snow cover on the ground is common. The largest snow depth recorded is 123 cm on 3 March 2006.The all-time high temperature 34.6 °C (94.3 °F) was recorded 19 June 1970, while 10 August 1975 recorded 34.5 °C (94.1 °F). The all-time low −32.5 °C (−26.5 °F) was recorded 3 January 1941. As pr January 2022, all monthly record lows are old, 11 from before 1950. All record highs are from after 1950, 5 of 12 from after 2000 (pr January 2022). Kongsberg has recorded 30 °C (86 °F) as early as 14 May (in 2000). The weather station Kongsberg brannstasjon has recorded since 2003, extremes includes data from Kongsberg II, III and IV.

Climate data for كونگسبرگ 1991-2020 (170 m, extremes 1915-2020 also includes earlier stations)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		30.1
(86.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		28
(82) 		24.6
(76.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		34.6
(94.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.4
(32.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5
(41) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) −32.5
(−26.5) 		−29.3
(−20.7) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2
(36) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−22
(−8) 		−31.1
(−24.0) 		−32.5
(−26.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.7
(2.55) 		40.8
(1.61) 		42.9
(1.69) 		46.3
(1.82) 		66.2
(2.61) 		79.4
(3.13) 		85.7
(3.37) 		96.1
(3.78) 		84.5
(3.33) 		95.4
(3.76) 		88.6
(3.49) 		59.1
(2.33) 		849.7
(33.47)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute/yr.no[12]
Source 2: Værogvind[13]


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النقل

The main highways are the E134, crossing Kongsberg east to west (and connected to the E18 to Oslo), and Norwegian national road 40 (Riksvei 40), going north to south. The Sørland Line stops at Kongsberg Rail Station, with connection to local and regional bus lines.

الثقافة

Kongsberg Church
Kongsberg Church baroque organ

With the population increase during the town's silver mining heyday of the mid-eighteenth century came the need for a new church, which was built over a 21-year period and inaugurated in 1761. It has an austere red brick exterior, but a richly decorated baroque interior including unique chandeliers made at Nøstetangen Glass Works in neighbouring Hokksund. Kongsberg Church remains one of the largest in Norway with a seating capacity of 2,400.

The church's original baroque-era pipe organ, made by renowned German organ builder Gottfried Heinrich Gloger in 1760–65, was fully restored by Jürgen Ahrend in 1999–2000 and reopened to great fanfare in January 2001. With its 42 voices, it is the largest baroque organ in Scandinavia. At the end of January each year, the Gloger Music Festival now draws a select crowd of artists and music lovers from all over the world.

Since 1964, Kongsberg has hosted Kongsberg Jazzfestival, an annual international jazz festival. Heavily sponsored by the local industry, prominent world acts such as BB King, Diana Krall, Ornette Coleman, Joshua Redman and John Scofield have played at the festival in recent years.

الرياضة

The town is known for many great ski jumpers. Birger Ruud and his two brothers, as well as many other townsmen, such as Petter Hugsted, won numerous medals in Winter Olympics and other international championships in the 1930s and 1940s. The first ski jumping technique, the Konsberger was developed by Jacob Tullin Thams and Sigmund Ruud in Kongsberg, and was the most popular ski jumping technique from the late 1920s to the late 1950s. Their medals and equipment can be seen at the Kongsberg Skiing Museum (Kongsberg Skimuseum) which is co-located with the Norwegian Mining Museum (Norsk Bergverksmuseum) in central Kongsberg. Inventor of the modern ski binding, Norwegian-American skier and Olympic skiing coach Hjalmar Hvam, was born in Kongsberg in 1902. Recent winter sports athletes of the Kongsberg region include Olympic snowboarders Stine Brun Kjeldaas, Silje Norendal and Halvor Lunn; cross-country ski sprinter Børre Næss of the village Efteløt; and ski jumper Sigurd Pettersen of nearby municipality Rollag (60 km/37 mi north of Kongsberg). A large ski centre for alpine skiing and snowboarding, with several lifts and ca 320 m of height difference has been in operation and gradually expanding since 1965. Kongsberg hosted the cross-country skiing parts of the 2006 Nordic skiing National Championships. The arranging sports club was IL Skrim, the ski tracks being located at Heistadmoen, a former military camp.

The local basketball team Kongsberg Miners is regarded one of the best teams in the country.

The 1978 World Orienteering Championships were held in Kongsberg.[14]

The crowns in Håvet

Kronene i Håvet

This attraction (Kronene i Håvet) is a site where Norwegian royal monograms have been carved into the mountainside overlooking Kongsberg to mark royal visits to the city. In June 1704 King Frederik IV visited Kongsberg and started a tradition that is still celebrated. King Frederik also arranged for the monograms of visits from earlier monarchs to be recorded as well.

The first monogram on the hillside property belonged to Christian IV who in 1624 founded Kongsberg at the site of the newly discovered silver deposits. His visit was followed by that of Frederik III (1648) and Christian V (1685). Christian VI and his Queen Sofie Magdalene (1733), Frederik V (1749), Oscar I (1845), Oscar II (1890), Haakon VII (1908), Olav V (1962) and most recently Harald V (1995).

منطقة كونگسبرگ للتكنولوجيا

Kongsberg Technology Park is a part of Kongsberg that is located in Kirkegårdsveien 45 and the Arsenal on Kongsgårdsmoen. It has over 5.200 employees, spread across 60 nationalities and 48 countries and can trace its roots back to 1814. Among the tenants in Kongsberg Technology Park are Kongsberg Gruppen, Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace, GKN Aerospace, Siemens Energy, Kongsberg Terotech, TechnipFMC, Data Respons, and Kongsberg Precision Cutting Systems.[15]

The park also manages properties in Stjørdal, Horten, Sandefjord, Skedsmo, Asker, Bærum, Oslo, Rygge, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Ulsteinvik and Brattvåg.

أبرز السكان

Public service & public thinking

Poul Steenstrup, 1814


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الفنون

Maurits Hansen

Sport

Birger Ruud, 1936

البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Kongsberg is twinned with:[16]

Gallery

  • Kongsberg Rail Station

    Kongsberg Rail Station

  • Kongsberg School of Mines

    Kongsberg School of Mines

  • Norwegian Mining Museum

    Norwegian Mining Museum

  • Tinius Olsens School

    Tinius Olsens School

  • Kongsberg Bergskrivergaarden

    Kongsberg Bergskrivergaarden

  • University of South-Eastern Norway, campus Kongsberg

    University of South-Eastern Norway, campus Kongsberg

  • Kongsberg hospital

    Kongsberg hospital

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in النرويجية). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ "Kongsberg Gruppen ASA". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  4. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". ssb.no. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  5. ^ Kongsberg silver mining district at Mindat.org
  6. ^ Kongsberg Silver Mining District
  7. ^ "Det Norske Myntverkets historie". Det Norske Myntverkets. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  8. ^ "Kongsberg bergseminar". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  9. ^ "Man kills several people in Norway in bow and arrow attacks, police say". Reuters. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  10. ^ Francis, Ellen; Cunningham, Erin; Pannett, Rachel; Noack, Rick (13 October 2021). "Norway bow-and-arrow attack that killed five people appears to be 'terrorist act,' police say". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  11. ^ "Kommunevåpen" (in النرويجية). Kongsberg kommune. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
  12. ^ "yr.no". Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  13. ^ "verogvind".
  14. ^ "World Orienteering Championships 1978". International Orienteering Federation. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  15. ^ "Om Kongsberg Teknologipark". Kongsberg Teknologipark (in النرويجية بوكمال). Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  16. ^ "Formannskapet: Myndighet og ansvarsområde" (PDF). kongsberg.kommune.no (in النرويجية). Kongsberg Kommune. 2019-11-06. p. 15. Retrieved 2021-05-04.

External links

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png
معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Kongsberg.

قالب:Buskerud قالب:30 most populous cities of Norway قالب:Cities founded by Christian IV

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=كونگسبرگ&oldid=2533797"