قائمة إسقاطات الخرائط

توفر القائمة التالية نظرة عامة على بعض من أهم أو أكثر إسقاطات الخرائط شيوعاً. وحيث أن عدد إسقاطات الخرائط المحتملة غير محدود، ليس هناك قائمة نهائية تشملها كلها.

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 جدول الإسقاطات

الإسقاط	صور	النوع	الخصائص	المنشئ	السنة	ملاحظات
متساوي المستطيلات = إسقاط الاسطوانات المتساوية التباع = الإسقاط الجغرافي = la carte parallélogrammatique		اسطواني	متساوي المستطيلات	مارينوس الصوري	120ح. 120	الهندسة المبسطة؛ يتم الحفاظ على المسافات على امتداد خطوط الطول. پلات كاري: حالة خاصة يكون فيها خط الاستواء متوازي القياس.
كاسيني = كاسيني-سولدنر		استطواني	متساوي المستطيلات	سيزار-فرنسوا كاسيني دى توري	1745	Transverse of equidistant projection; distances along central meridian are conserved. Distances perpendicular to central meridian are preserved.
مركاتور = رايت		اسطواني	متطابق	جراردوس مركاتور	1569	Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) are straight, aiding navigation. Areas inflate with latitude, becoming so extreme that the map cannot show the poles.
شبكة مركاتور		اسطواني	مرن	گوگل	2005	Variant of Mercator that ignores Earth's ellipticity for fast calculation, and clips latitudes to ~85.05° for square presentation. De facto standard for Web mapping applications.
گاوس–كروگر = گاوس المتطابق = إسقاط عرضي (بيضاوي)		اسطواني	متطابق	كارل فريدريش گاوس يوهان هاينريش لويس كروگر	1822	This transverse, ellipsoidal form of the Mercator is finite, unlike the equatorial Mercator. Forms the basis of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system.
گال التجسيمي مشابه لبراون		اسطواني	مرن	جيمس گال	1855	Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. Standard parallels at 45°N/S. Braun is horizontally stretched version with scale correct at equator.
ميلر = ميلر الاسطواني		اسطواني	مرن	أوسبورن ميتلاند ميلر	1942	Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles.
لامبرت الأسطواني متساوي المساحات		اسطواني	متساوي المساحة	يوهان هاينرش لامبرت	1772	Standard parallel at the equator. Aspect ratio of π (3.14). Base projection of the cylindrical equal-area family.
برمان		اسطواني	متساوي المساحة	ڤالتر برمان	1910	Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert equal-area. Has standard parallels at 30°N/S and an aspect ratio of 2.36.
هوبو-داير		اسطواني	متساوي المساحة	مايك داير	2002	Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert equal-area. Very similar are Trystan Edwards and Smyth equal surface (= Craster rectangular) projections with standard parallels at around 37°N/S. Aspect ratio of ~2.0.
گال–پيترز = إسقاط گال العمودي = پيترز		اسطواني	متساوي المساحة	جيمس گال (أرنو پيترز)	1855	Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert equal-area. Standard parallels at 45°N/S. Aspect ratio of ~1.6. Similar is Balthasart projection with standard parallels at 50°N/S.
الاسطواني المركزي		اسطواني	منظوري	(غير معروف)	1850ح. 1850	Practically unused in cartography because of severe polar distortion, but popular in panoramic photography, especially for architectural scenes.
سينوسويدال = سانسون-فلامستيد = مركاتور متساوي المساحة		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة، متساوي المستطيلات	(عدة؛ الأول مجهول)	1600ح. 1600	Meridians are sinusoids; parallels are equally spaced. Aspect ratio of 2:1. Distances along parallels are conserved.
مولڤايد = البيضاوي = بابينت = homolographic		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	كارل براندان مولڤايد	1805	خطوط الطول بيضاوية.
إكرت الثاني		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	ماكس إكرت-گريافندورف	1906
إكرت الرابع		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	ماكس إكرت-گريافندورف	1906	Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; outer meridians are semicircles; other meridians are semiellipses.
إكرت السادس		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	ماكس إكرت-گريافندورف	1906	Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are half-period sinusoids.
أورتليوس البيضاوي		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	باتيستا أگنيز	1540	خطوط العرض دائرية.
Goode homolosine		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	جون پول گود	1923	Hybrid of Sinusoidal and Mollweide projections. Usually used in interrupted form.
كاڤرايسكي السابع		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	ڤلاديمير ڤ. كاڤرايسكي	1939	Evenly spaced parallels. Equivalent to Wagner VI horizontally compressed by a factor of ${\sqrt {3}}/{2}$.
روبنسون		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	أرثر هـ. روبنسون	1963	Computed by interpolation of tabulated values. Used by Rand McNally since inception and used by NGS 1988–98.
الأرض الطبيعية		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	توم پاترسون	2011	Computed by interpolation of tabulated values.
Tobler hyperelliptical		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	والدو ر. توبلر	1973	A family of map projections that includes as special cases Mollweide projection, Collignon projection, and the various cylindrical equal-area projections.
ڤاگنر السادس		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	ك.هـ. ڤاگنر	1932	Equivalent to Kavrayskiy VII vertically compressed by a factor of ${\sqrt {3}}/{2}$.
كولينون		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	إدوار كولينون	1865ح. 1865	Depending on configuration, the projection also may map the sphere to a single diamond or a pair of squares.
HEALPix		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	كريزيستوف م. گورسكي	1997	Hybrid of Collignon + Lambert cylindrical equal-area
Boggs eumorphic		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	صمويل وايتمور بوگس	1929	The equal-area projection that results from average of sinusoidal and Mollweide y-coordinates and thereby constraining the x coordinate.
Craster parabolic =Putniņš P4		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	جون كراستر	1929	Meridians are parabolas. Standard parallels at 36°46′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; 2:1 Aspect.
McBryde-Thomas flat-pole quartic = مكبرايد-توماس #4		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	فليكس و. مكبرايد، پول توماس	1949	Standard parallels at 33°45′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are fourth-order curves. Distortion-free only where the standard parallels intersect the central meridian.
Quartic authalic		Pseudocylindrical	متساوي المساحة	كارل توماس، أوسكار أدامز	1937 1944	Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale. No distortion along the equator. Meridians are fourth-order curves.
تاميز		Pseudocylindrical	من	جون موير	1965	Standard parallels 45°N/S. Parallels based on Gall stereographic, but with curved meridians. Developed for Bartholomew Ltd., The Times Atlas.
Loximuthal		Pseudocylindrical	مرن	كارل سيمون، والدو توبلر	1935, 1966	From the designated centre, lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines/loxodromes) are straight and have the correct length. Generally asymmetric about the equator.
Aitoff		Pseudoazimuthal	مرن	David A. Aitoff	1889	Stretching of modified equatorial azimuthal equidistant map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Largely superseded by Hammer.
Hammer = Hammer-Aitoff variations: Briesemeister; Nordic		Pseudoazimuthal	متساوي المساحة	إرنست هامر	1892	Modified from azimuthal equal-area equatorial map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Variants are oblique versions, centred on 45°N.
Winkel tripel		Pseudoazimuthal	Compromise	Oswald Winkel	1921	Arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection. Standard world projection for the NGS 1998–present.
Van der Grinten		Other	Compromise	Alphons J. van der Grinten	1904	Boundary is a circle. All parallels and meridians are circular arcs. Usually clipped near 80°N/S. Standard world projection of the NGS 1922–88.
Equidistant conic = simple conic		Conic	Equidistant	Based on Ptolemy's 1st Projection	100ح. 100	Distances along meridians are conserved, as is distance along one or two standard parallels
Lambert conformal conic		Conic	Conformal	Johann Heinrich Lambert	1772	Used in aviation charts.
Albers conic		Conic	Equal-area	Heinrich C. Albers	1805	Two standard parallels with low distortion between them.
Werner		Pseudoconical	Equal-area, Equidistant	Johannes Stabius	1500ح. 1500	Distances from the North Pole are correct as are the curved distances along parallels and distances along central meridian.
Bonne		Pseudoconical, cordiform	Equal-area	Bernardus Sylvanus	1511	Parallels are equally spaced circular arcs and standard lines. Appearance depends on reference parallel. General case of both Werner and sinusoidal
Bottomley		Pseudoconical	Equal-area	Henry Bottomley	2003	Alternative to the Bonne projection with simpler overall shape Parallels are elliptical arcs Appearance depends on reference parallel.
American polyconic		Pseudoconical	Compromise	Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler	1820ح. 1820	Distances along the parallels are preserved as are distances along the central meridian.
Rectangular polyconic		Pseudoconical	Compromise	U.S. Coast Survey	1853ح. 1853	Latitude along which scale is correct can be chosen. Parallels meet meridians at right angles.
Latitudinally equal-differential polyconic		Pseudoconical	Compromise	China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping	1963	Polyconic: parallels are non-concentric arcs of circles.
Azimuthal equidistant =Postel zenithal equidistant		Azimuthal	Equidistant	Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī	1000ح. 1000	Used by the USGS in the National Atlas of the United States of America. Distances from centre are conserved. Used as the emblem of the United Nations, extending to 60° S.
Gnomonic		Azimuthal	Gnomonic	Thales (possibly)	580 BCح. 580 BC	All great circles map to straight lines. Extreme distortion far from the center. Shows less than one hemisphere.
Lambert azimuthal equal-area		Azimuthal	Equal-area	Johann Heinrich Lambert	1772	The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other point is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points.
المجسم		Azimuthal	Conformal	هيپارخوس (نشره)	200 ق.م.ح. 200 ق.م.	Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters.
المتآصل		Azimuthal	منظوري	Hipparchos (نشره)	200 ق.م.ح. 200 ق.م.	View from an infinite distance.
منظوري رأسي		Azimuthal	منظوري	ماتياس سوتر (نشره)	1740	View from a finite distance. Can only display less than a hemisphere.
Two-point equidistant		Azimuthal	Equidistant	Hans Maurer	1919	Two "control points" can be almost arbitrarily chosen. The two straight-line distances from any point on the map to the two control points are correct.
Peirce quincuncial		أخرى	Conformal	تشارلز ساندرز پيرس	1879
Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection		أخرى	Conformal	Émile Guyou	1887
Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection		أخرى	Conformal	أوسكار شرمان آدمز	1925
Lee conformal world on a tetrahedron		Polyhedral	Conformal	ل. پ. لي	1965	Projects the globe onto a regular tetrahedron. Tessellates.
Authagraph projection	Link to file	Polyhedral	Compromise	Hajime Narukawa	1999	Approximately equal-area. Tessellates.
Octant projection		Polyhedral	Compromise	Leonardo da Vinci	1514	Projects the globe onto eight octants (Reuleaux triangles) with no meridians and no parallels.
Cahill's Butterfly Map		Polyhedral	Compromise	Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill	1909	Projects the globe onto an octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous landmasses that may be displayed in various arrangements
Cahill–Keyes projection		Polyhedral	Compromise	Gene Keyes	1975	Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses
Waterman butterfly projection		Polyhedral	Compromise	Steve Waterman	1996	Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses that may be displayed in various arrangements
Quadrilateralized spherical cube		Polyhedral	متساوي المساحة	F. Kenneth Chan, E. M. O’Neill	1973
Dymaxion map		Polyhedral	مرن	بكمنستر فولر	1943	يُعرف أيضاً بمنظور فولر.
Myriahedral projections		Polyhedral	مرن	Jarke J. van Wijk	2008	Projects the globe onto a myriahedron: a polyhedron with a very large number of faces.
Craig retroazimuthal = Mecca		Retroazimuthal	مرن	James Ireland Craig	1909
Hammer retroazimuthal, front hemisphere		Retroazimuthal		إرنتس هامر	1910
Hammer retroazimuthal, back hemisphere		Retroazimuthal		إرنست هامر	1910
Littrow		Retroazimuthal	Conformal	Joseph Johann Littrow	1833	on equatorial aspect it shows a hemisphere except for poles
أرماديلو		أخرى	مرن	Erwin Raisz	1943
GS50		أخرى	Conformal	John P. Snyder	1982	Designed specifically to minimize distortion when used to display all 50 U.S. states.
Nicolosi globular		Polyconic		Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī; reinvented by Giovanni Battista Nicolosi, 1660.:14	1000ح. 1000
Roussilhe oblique stereographic				Henri Roussilhe	1922
Hotine oblique Mercator		اسطواني	Conformal	M. Rosenmund, J. Laborde, Martin Hotine	1903

 المفتاح

المقالة الرئيسية: إسقاط الخريطة

 قراءات إضافية

• Snyder, John P. (1987), Map projections: A working manual, Professional Paper 1395, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395