بكمنستر فولر

بكمنستر فولر Buckminster Fuller
وُلِدَ	Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-07-12)يوليو 12, 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, United States
توفي	يوليو 1, 1983(1983-07-01) (aged 87) Los Angeles, United States
التعليم	Harvard University (attended)
المهنة	مصمم ومؤلف ومخترع
الزوج	Anne Hewlett (ز. 1917)

رتشارد بكمنستر "بـَكي" فولر Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller ‏( /ˈfʊlər/؛ 12 يوليو 1895 - 1 يوليو 1983) كان معمارياً ومنظر أنظمة ومؤلف ومصمم ومخترع أمريكي.

نشر فولر أكثر من 30 كتاباً، وصاغ أو أشهر مصطلحات مثل "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres.

كان فولر ثاني رئيس عالمي لمؤسسة منسا من 1974 حتى 1983.

فأر التجارب ب:

أنا الآن أقترب من الثامنة وثمانين وأنا واثق أن الشيء الوحيد الهام عني هو أني إنسان متوسط يتمتع بالصحة. أنا أيضاً تاريخ حي لمشروع بحث وأبحاث موثّق بالتفصيل لنصف قرن بهدف اكتشاف ما إذا كان شخص نكرة معدم، يعول زوجة وطفل حديث الولادة سيستطيع، بالنيابة عن كل البشر، فعل شيء لم تقدر عليه الأمم العظمى والديانات الكبرى والمؤسسات الخاصة، بغض النظر عن ثرائهم أو قوتهم.
— بكي فولر، 1983

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 سيرته

شاباً

وُلِد فولر في 12 يوليو 1895، في ملتون، مساتشوستس، ابناً لرتشارد بكمنستر فولر وكارولين ولكوت أندروز، وحفيد شقيق American Transcendentalist مارگرت فولر. وقد أمضى معظم شبابه في جزيرة الدب، في خليج پنوبسكوت مقابل ساحل ولاية مين. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten. He had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point, or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end was meant to stretch off to infinity. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelling a row boat by use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term "invention".

 القباب الجيوديسية

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949, serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure.

 مسرح العالم

The Montreal Biosphère by Buckminster Fuller, 1967

Fuller's home in Carbondale

 مشاريع التصميم الكبرى

كرة جيوديسية

 القبة الجيوديسية

Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structures – geodesic domes, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 20 years prior to Fuller's work, reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954), follows the same design as Bauersfeld's.

 النقل

The Omni-Media-Transport:
With such a vehicle at our disposal, [Fuller] felt that human travel, like that of birds, would no longer be confined to airports, roads, and other bureaucratic boundaries, and that autonomous free-thinking human beings could live and prosper wherever they chose.

— Lloyd S. Sieden, Bucky Fuller's Universe, 2000

To his young daughter Allegra:

Fuller described the Dymaxion as a "zoom-mobile, explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic."

The Dymaxion car, c.1933, artist Diego Rivera shown entering the car, carrying coat

 الإسكان

A Dymaxion house at The Henry Ford

Fuller's energy-efficient and inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much interest, but only two prototypes were ever produced. Here the term "Dymaxion" is used in effect to signify a "radically strong and light tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.

 مفاهيم ومباني

مفاهيمه ومبانيه ضمت:

Dymaxion house (1928) Fuller Home - Carbondale, Illinois [1] Aerodynamic Dymaxion car (1933) Prefabricated compact bathroom cell (1937) Dymaxion deployment unit (1940) Dymaxion map of the world (1946) Buildings (1943) Tensegrity structures (1949)

Geodesic dome for Ford Motor Company (1953) Patent on geodesic domes (1954) The World Game (1961) and the World Game Institute (1972) Patent on octet truss (1961) Montreal Biosphère (1967), United States pavilion at Expo 67 Fly's Eye Dome Dewan Tunku Geodesic Dome, KOMTAR, Penang, Malaysia (proposed 1974, completed 1985) Comprehensive anticipatory design science

 براءات اختراع

(from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4)

• 1927 U.S. Patent 1٬633٬702 Stockade: building structure
• 1927 U.S. Patent 1٬634٬900 Stockade: pneumatic forming process
• 1928 (Application Abandoned) 4D house
• 1937 U.S. Patent 2٬101٬057 Dymaxion car
• 1940 U.S. Patent 2٬220٬482 Dymaxion bathroom
• 1944 U.S. Patent 2٬343٬764 Dymaxion deployment unit (sheet)
• 1944 U.S. Patent 2٬351٬419 Dymaxion deployment unit (frame)
• 1946 U.S. Patent 2٬393٬676 Dymaxion map
• 1946 (No Patent) Dymaxion house (Wichita)
• 1954 U.S. Patent 2٬682٬235 Geodesic dome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬881٬717 Paperboard dome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬905٬113 Plydome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬914٬074 Catenary (geodesic tent)
• 1961 U.S. Patent 2٬986٬241 Octet truss
• 1962 U.S. Patent 3٬063٬521 Tensegrity
• 1963 U.S. Patent 3٬080٬583 Submarisle (undersea island)
• 1964 U.S. Patent 3٬139٬957 Aspension (suspension building)
• 1965 U.S. Patent 3٬197٬927 Monohex (geodesic structures)
• 1965 U.S. Patent 3٬203٬144 Laminar dome
• 1965 (Filed – No Patent) Octa spinner
• 1967 U.S. Patent 3٬354٬591 Star tensegrity (octahedral truss)
• 1970 U.S. Patent 3٬524٬422 Rowing needles (watercraft)
• 1974 U.S. Patent 3٬810٬336 Geodesic hexa-pent
• 1975 U.S. Patent 3٬863٬455 Floatable breakwater
• 1975 U.S. Patent 3٬866٬366 Non-symmetrical tensegrity
• 1979 U.S. Patent 4٬136٬994 Floating breakwater
• 1980 U.S. Patent 4٬207٬715 Tensegrity truss
• 1983 U.S. Patent 4٬377٬114 Hanging storage shelf unit

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 ببليوگرافيا

• 4d Timelock (1928)
• Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
• Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)
• Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963) ISBN 0-13-449140-8
• No More Secondhand God and Other Writings (1963)
• Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return (1963)
• What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiographical Essays, Chapter "How Little I Know", (1968)
• Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) ISBN 0-8093-2461-X
• Utopia or Oblivion (1969) ISBN 0-553-02883-9
• Approaching the Benign Environment (1970) ISBN 0-8173-6641-5 (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
• I Seem to Be a Verb (1970) coauthors Jerome Agel, Quentin Fiore, ISBN 1-127-23153-7
• Intuition (1970)
• Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, ISBN 0-385-02979-9
• The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973) coauthor Robert Marks, ISBN 0-385-01804-5
• Earth, Inc (1973) ISBN 0-385-01825-8
• Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, ISBN 0-02-541870-X
• Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)
• And It Came to Pass — Not to Stay (1976) ISBN 0-02-541810-6
• R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979) ISBN 0-87023-276-2
• Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
• Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980) page 54, R. Buckminster Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder, St. Martin’s Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-10678-5
• Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)
• Critical Path (1981) ISBN 0-312-17488-8
• Grunch of Giants (1983) ISBN 0-312-35193-3
• Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4
• Humans in Universe (1983) coauthor Anwar Dil, ISBN 0-89925-001-7
• Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity (1992) coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, ISBN 0-02-541850-5

 انظر أيضاً

• Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
• The Buckminster Fuller Challenge
• Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)
• Design science revolution
• Emissions Reduction Currency System
• Noosphere
• Old Man River's City project
• Spome
• Bucky Ball
• Whole Earth Catalog

 للاستزادة

• Applewhite, E. J. (1977). Cosmic Fishing: An account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller. ISBN 0-02-502710-7.
• Applewhite, E. J., ed. (1986). Synergetics Dictionary, The Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-8240-8729-1.
• Chu, Hsiao-Yun (Fall 2008). "Fuller's Laboratory Notebook". Collections. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press. 4 (4): 295–306.
• Chu, Hsiao-Yun; Trujillo, Roberto (2009). New Views on R. Buckminster Fuller. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-6279-1.
• Eastham, Scott (2007). American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller and the Sacred Geometry of Nature. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-3031-1.
• Edmondson, Amy (2007). A Fuller Explanation. EmergentWorld LLC. ISBN 978-0-6151-8314-5.
• Hatch, Alden (1974). Buckminster Fuller At Home In The Universe. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-440-04408-1.
• قالب:Cite ANB
• Kenner, Hugh (1973). Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller. ISBN 0-688-00141-6.
• Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art Of Design Science. Lars Mueller Publishers. 1999. ISBN 3-907044-88-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
• McHale, John (1962). R. Buckminster Fuller. New York: George Brazillier, Inc.
• Pawley, Martin (1991). Buckminster Fuller. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8008-1116-X.
• Potter, R. Robert (1990). Buckminster Fuller. Pioneers in Change Series. Silver Burdett Publishers. ISBN 0-382-09972-9.
• Robertson, Donald (1974). Mind's Eye Of Buckminster Fuller. New York: Vantage Press, Inc. ISBN 0-533-01017-9.
• Snyder, Robert (1980). Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24547-5.
• Sterngold, James (June 15, 2008). "The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller". The New York Times (Arts section).
• Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926–1943; Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927–1946; Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947–1959; Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960–1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward. Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 (ISBN 0-8240-5082-7 vol. 1, ISBN 0-8240-5083-5 vol. 2, ISBN 0-8240-5084-3 vol. 3, ISBN 0-8240-5085-1 vol. 4)
• Wong, Yunn Chii (1999). The Geodesic Works of Richard Buckminster Fuller, 1948–1968 (The Universe as a Home of Man) (PhD thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.

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 وصلات خارجية

• The Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller
• Buckminster Fuller Institute
• Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – February 23, 1983
• [[:openlibrary:authors/{{{id}}}|Works by بكمنستر فولر]] on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• Buckminster Fuller, a portrait by Ansel Adams

مقالات عن فولر

• 'Bucky' Gets Lucky with Stamp by Danit Lidor, Wired (July 12, 2004)
• Dymaxion Man: The Visions of Buckminster Fuller by Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker (June 9, 2008)
• The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller New York Times article questioning Fuller's supposed consideration of suicide, (June 15, 2008)

مجموعات

• Buckminster Fuller Digital Collection at Stanford includes 380 hrs. of streamed audio-visual material from Fuller's personal archive
• Buckminster Fuller Papers housed at Stanford University Libraries
• Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University – Archival photographs of Buckminster Fuller from the Toronto Telegram.

كل شيء أعرفه

• Everything I Know Session, Philadelphia, 1975 at Stanford University Libraries
• The Everything I Know 42-hour lecture session — video, audio, and full transcripts.

تسجيلات صوتية

• The State of Things - discussion about Fuller

Documentaries

• The World of Buckminster Fuller at the Internet Movie Database, a 1974 documentary
• Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud at the Internet Movie Database, a 1996 episode of American Masters
• Critical Path: R. Buckminster Fuller at the Internet Movie Database, a 2004 short animated documentary
• The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller, a 2012 live documentary by filmmaker Sam Green

مصادر أخرى

• CJ Fearnley's List of Buckminster Fuller Resources on the Internet
• Buckminster Fuller at Pionniers & Précurseurs. Includes a bibliography
• "Buckminster Fuller's Experimental Finishing School", an excerpt from The Experimenters: Chance and Design at Black Mountain College by Eva Díaz