زايتشار، صربيا

زايتشار
Зајечар (صربية)
Zaječar
City
City of Zaječar
Зграда Музеја у Зајечару 01.jpg
Felix Romuliana 5.jpg
Црква у Зајечару, храм Пресвете Богородице 01.jpg
Zaječar spomenik.jpg
Istorijski arhiv Timočka krajina Zaječar 3.jpg
Zgrada Skupštine Opštine Zaječar.jpg
From top: National Museum, Archaeological site Gamzigrad, Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Central park, Historical archive, City Hall
درع زايتشار
Coat of arms
Location of the city of Zaječar within Serbia
Location of the city of Zaječar within Serbia
الإحداثيات: 43°55′N 22°18′E / 43.917°N 22.300°E / 43.917; 22.300Coordinates: 43°55′N 22°18′E / 43.917°N 22.300°E / 43.917; 22.300
Country صربيا
RegionSouthern and Eastern Serbia
DistrictZaječar
Settlements41
الحكومة
 • MayorBoško Ničić (SNS)
المساحة
[1]
 • Urban97 كم² (37 ميل²)
 • Administrative1٬069 كم² (413 ميل²)
المنسوب
134 m (440 ft)
التعداد
 (2011 census)[2]
 • Urban
38٬165
 • كثافة Urban390/km2 (1٬000/sq mi)
 • Administrative
59٬461
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
19000
Area code+381(0)19
Car platesZA
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.zajecar.info

Zaječar (سيريلية صربية: Зајечар, تـُنطق [zâjɛtʃar]; رومانية: Zaicear or Zăiceari) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the city administrative area has a population of 59,461 inhabitants. Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the festival dedicated to contemporary art ZALET.

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Name

In Serbian, the city is known as Zaječar (Зајечар); in Romanian as Zaicear, Zăiicer (archaic name), Zăiceri, Zăicear or Zăiceari; in Macedonian as Заечар and in Bulgarian as Зайчар (Zaychar).

The origin of the name is from the Torlak dialect name for "hare" = zajec / зајец (in all other Serbian dialects it is zec / зец, while in Bulgarian it is "заек / zaek"). It means "the man who breeds and keeps hares".

Folk etymology in Romanian, gives "Zăiicer" as meaning "the Gods are asking (for sacrifice)".

Early renderings of the city in English used Saitchar.


History

Ancient

Three Roman Emperors were born in the city of Zaječar: Galerius (r. 293–311), Maximinus (r. 305–312) and Licinius (r. 308–324).

Felix Romuliana.

The Late Roman fortified palace compound and memorial complex of Gamzigrad-Romuliana at the outskirts of Zaječar was commissioned by Emperor Caius Valerius Galerius Maximianus, in the late 3rd and early 4th century. It was known as Felix Romuliana, named after the Emperor's mother Romula. The site consists of fortifications, the palace in the north-western part of the complex, basilicas, temples, hot baths, memorial complex, and a tetrapylon. The site offers a unique testimony of the Roman building tradition marked by the ideology of the period of the Second Tetrachy. The group of buildings is also unique in its intertwining of ceremonial and memorial functions. The relation between two spatial ensembles in this site is stressed by the tetrapylon which is placed on the crossroads between the worldly fortification and palace on the one side and the other-worldly mausoleums and consecration monuments on the other.

Middle Ages

Slavs entered the region during the 7th century, and the tribe living in the area was called Timočani. During the Middle Ages, the area of Zaječar was contested between Bulgaria, Hungary and Serbia. During periods in the 9th-11th centuries and the 13th century the territory of modern-day Zaječar was a part of the Bulgarian Empire. [3][4][5][6][7] It finally fell under Ottoman rule during the first half of the 15th century. The oldest preserved rendering of Zaječar listed in an Ottoman defter dates from 1466. At the time, there were only eight extended families (zadrugas) living there.

Modern

In the First Serb Uprising, Hajduk Veljko Petrović liberated the area from Ottoman rule in 1806. The Ottomans retook the area in 1813 but finally ceded it to Serbia in 1833.

The population of the city and of the area to the south of it was partly Bulgarian, as the Serbian ethnographer Milan Đ. Milićević recognized. The city actively participated in the Serbo-Turkish War of 1876-1878. In 1883, it was partially engulfed in the famous Timok Uprising, a reaction against a governmental order to confiscate peasants' firearms and against a law replacing the militia with a standing army.

Bulgaria occupied Zaječar from 1915 to 1918, during the First World War. From 1929 to 1941, the city was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The German army occupied Zaječar on 14 April 1941, during the Second World War; it was administered as part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia from 22 April 1941. Zaječar was liberated on 7–8 October 1944 in a joint operation by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.[8]

Climate

Zaječar has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), that's very close to a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

بيانات مناخ Zaječar (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 23.0
(73.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.5
(83.3) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		40.4
(104.7) 		44.7
(112.5) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		44٫7
(112٫5)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 4.9
(40.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.8
(82) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		17٫9
(64٫2)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -0.1
(31.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.8
(73) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		11٫4
(52٫5)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -4.1
(24.6) 		-2.9
(26.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.7
(35.1) 		-2.9
(26.8) 		5٫4
(41٫7)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -29.0
(-20.2) 		-25.6
(-14.1) 		-17.5
(0.5) 		-6.5
(20.3) 		-1.5
(29.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.0
(41) 		4.3
(39.7) 		-5.0
(23) 		-8.8
(16.2) 		-17.4
(0.7) 		-22.2
(-8) 		−29٫0
(−20٫2)
هطول mm (inches) 43.6
(1.717) 		40.4
(1.591) 		44.9
(1.768) 		49.9
(1.965) 		61.0
(2.402) 		60.3
(2.374) 		61.8
(2.433) 		46.8
(1.843) 		45.9
(1.807) 		53.5
(2.106) 		47.6
(1.874) 		54.7
(2.154) 		610٫4
(24٫031)
% Humidity 79.6 75.3 69.6 68.2 69.9 68.0 64.4 65.8 71.1 78.0 81.3 81.6 72٫7
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.2 9.9 11.1 11.5 12.6 9.9 8.3 6.7 8.7 9.6 10.7 11.2 121٫4
Avg. snowy days 7.3 5.6 3.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.2 5.3 24٫6
Sunshine hours 70.3 90.8 133.3 167.4 219.2 250.0 286.3 262.4 176.6 121.3 64.5 57.5 1٬899٫6
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[9][10]


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Settlements

Aside from the urban area of Zaječar, the city administrative area includes the following settlements:

Demographics

Park and monument
التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
194862٬887—    
195364٬907+3.2%
196168٬616+5.7%
197173٬147+6.6%
198176٬681+4.8%
199172٬763−5.1%
200265٬969−9.3%
201159٬461−9.9%
المصدر: [11]

According to the 2011 census, the city of Zaječar has a population of 59,461 inhabitants, while the urban area has 38,165 inhabitants. The city has an urban area of over 97 km².

Ethnic groups

The ethnic composition of the city:[12]

Ethnic group Population %
Serbs 51,291 86.26%
Vlachs/Romanians 2,856 4.80%
Romani 753 1.27%
Romanians 204 0.34%
Bulgarians 181 0.30%
Macedonians 148 0.25%
Montenegrins 98 0.16%
Yugoslavs 89 0.15%
Croats 71 0.12%
Albanians 40 0.07%
Muslims 28 0.05%
Gorani 28 0.05%
Slovenes 23 0.04%
Others 3,651 6.14%
Total 59,461

Economy

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[13]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 243
Mining and quarrying 464
Manufacturing 1,710
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 178
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 236
Construction 306
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 2,011
Transportation and storage 592
Accommodation and food services 394
Information and communication 158
Financial and insurance activities 196
Real estate activities 15
Professional, scientific and technical activities 367
Administrative and support service activities 349
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,147
Education 990
Human health and social work activities 1,322
Arts, entertainment and recreation 156
Other service activities 234
Individual agricultural workers 676
Total 11,473

Society and culture

Sport

Zaječar hosted 2006 Serbian triathlon championship. The city has two sport-recreation centers, "Popova plaža" and "SRC Kraljevica" home of ŽRK Zaječar, while a third, "Kotlujevac", is under reconstruction.

Theatre

Zaječar is home to the "Zoran Radmilović" theatre built 2 February 1947 under the name of the "Oblasno narodno pozorište". The first play ever performed in the new theatre was "Žita cvetaju". The theatre was renamed during its 45th (1992) anniversary as "Zoran Radmilović" to celebrate a famous and beloved actor who was born there. Every year, this theatre is home to the "Dani Zorana Radmilovića" art festival.[14]

ZA*73T

The Festival of Contemporary Art ZALET (stylised as ZA*73T) organizes manifestations, such as exhibitions, concerts, literary evenings and experimental theater.

Gitarijada

Gitarijada (Serbian Cyrillic: Гитаријада, trans. Guitar fest) is a musical festival held during the summer in order to promote demo bands. Held since 1969, Gitarijada is one of the longest-lasting festivals in Serbia and in South Eastern Europe. The festival started its life in Zaječar during 1970. Some of notable bands from Serbia such as Bjesovi & Galija were winners in the Gitarijada competition during the '80s and '90s. The programme of the Gitarijada festival has several parts. Demo battles as a main item, with performances of artists and art exhibitions involving themes like rock, blues, metal and similar ones.

Education

Elementary schools

  • OŠ "Desanka Maksimović"
  • OŠ "Ljuba Nešić"
  • OŠ "Djura Jakšić"
  • OŠ "Ljubica Radosavljević Nada"
  • OŠ "Hajduk Veljko"
  • OŠ "Vladislav Petković Dis"
  • OŠ "Vuk Karadžić"
  • OŠ "Jeremija Ilić Jegor"
  • OŠ "Dositej Obradović"
  • OŠ "15.maj"
  • OŠ "Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj"

High schools

  • Gymnasium (since 1836)
  • Medical Assistant/Nurse high school
  • Technical high school
  • Business Assistant and Accountancy high school
  • Machine technician high school
  • Secondary Music School

University education

The city is the seat of the Megatrend University Faculty of Management; Business School of Management.


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Twin cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Zaječar is twinned with:

Notable citizens

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Zaječar area.

See also

References

References
  1. ^ قالب:Serbian municipalities 2006
  2. ^ قالب:Serbian census 2011
  3. ^ Ivanišević 2013, p. 450.
  4. ^ (https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html)
  5. ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (29 December 1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472081493. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 48
  7. ^ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 54
  8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in الصربية). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 21 أبريل 2022 suggested (help)
  10. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in الصربية). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  11. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  12. ^ "ETHNICITY Data by municipalities and cities" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  13. ^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Zajecar - Arhiva". Zoran Radmilovic. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Sources

External links

قالب:Zaječar District

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