جون ماكدونالد

The Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald PC GCB KCMG QC
1st Prime Minister of Canada
في المنصب 1 July 1867 – 5 November 1873
العاهل	Victoria
الحاكم العام	The Viscount Monck The Lord Lisgar The Earl of Dufferin
سبقه	Office established (see Canadian Confederation)
خلـَفه	Alexander Mackenzie
في المنصب 17 October 1878 – 6 June 1891
العاهل	Victoria
الحاكم العام	The Earl of Dufferin Marquess of Lorne The Marquess of Lansdowne The Lord Stanley of Preston
سبقه	Alexander Mackenzie
خلـَفه	John Abbott
Joint-Premier of the Province of Canada Premier of Canada West
في المنصب 24 May 1856 – 2 August 1858
العاهل	Victoria
سبقه	Allan MacNab
خلـَفه	George Brown
في المنصب 6 August 1858 – 24 May 1862
العاهل	Victoria
سبقه	George Brown
خلـَفه	John Sandfield Macdonald
في المنصب 30 May 1864 – 30 June 1867
العاهل	Victoria
سبقه	John Sandfield Macdonald
خلـَفه	John Sandfield Macdonald (as Premier of Ontario)
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	John Alexander Macdonald 10 or 11 January 1815 Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland
توفي	6 يونيو 1891(1891-06-06) (aged 76) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
سبب الوفاة	Stroke
المثوى	Cataraqui Cemetery
الحزب	Conservative
ارتباطات سياسية أخرى	Upper Canada Tory (1843–1867) Great Coalition (1864–1867) Liberal-Conservative (1867–1873)
الزوج	Isabella Clark (ز. 1843; و. 1857) Agnes Bernard (ز. 1867)
الأنجال	3 (including Hugh John Macdonald)
التعليم	Apprenticeship
المهنة	Lawyer
التوقيع
الخدمة العسكرية
الكنية	"Old Tomorrow" "The Old Chieftain"
الولاء	British Empire / Upper Canada
الفرع/الخدمة	Loyalist militia
سنوات الخدمة	1837
الرتبة	Private
المعارك/الحروب	Rebellions of 1837–1838 Upper Canada Rebellion
قالب:Father of Confederation footnote Cabinet offices held Attorney General of Canada West (1854–1862, 1864–1867) Minister of Militia and Defence (1860–1867) Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada (1867–1873) Minister of the Interior (1878–1883, 1888) Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs (1878–1887, 1888) President of the Privy Council (1883–1889) Minister of Railways and Canals (1889–1891) Leadership offices held Leader of the Conservative Party of Upper Canada (1858–1867) Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1891) Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (1873–1878) Parliamentary offices held Member of the Parliament of the Province of Canada (1843–1867) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Kingston (1867–1878, 1887–1891) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Marquette (1878) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Victoria (1878–1882) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Lennox (1882) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Carleton (1882–1887)

السير جون ماكدونالد (11 January 1815 – 6 June 1891) هو أول رئيس وزراء لكندا تولى رئاسة الوزراء مرتين الأولى في يوليو من العام 1867 حتى نوفمبر 1873 (حيث اتحدت أربع مقاطعات وهي أونتاريو وكويبك ونوفا سكوشيا ونيو برونزويك لتكوين الدولة الكندية. وأصبح السير جون إيه ماكدونالد أول رئيس للوزراء في البلاد ثم اخذت باقي المقاطعات والأقاليم تنضم إلى كندا في السنوات التالية). وعاد وتولى رئاسة الوزراء لفترة ثانيه من أكتوبر 1878 إلى وفاته عام 1891.

ولد في أسكتلندا عام 1815 وهاجر إلى كندا مع والديه وكان يبلغ من العمر خمسة اعوام.

ولا يزال السير جون ماكدونالد يحظى باحترام الكنديين على الرغم من مرور وقت طويل على رحيله

جون ماكدونالد

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 كونفدرالية كندا 1864–1867

The Quebec Conference. Macdonald seated, fourth from left

As his government had fallen again, Macdonald approached the new governor general, Lord Monck, and obtained a dissolution. Before he could act on it, he was approached by Brown through intermediaries; the Grit leader felt that the crisis gave the parties the opportunity to join together for constitutional reform. Brown had led a parliamentary committee on confederation among the British North American colonies, which had reported back just before the Taché-Macdonald government fell. Brown was more interested in representation by population; Macdonald's priority was a federation that the other colonies could join. The two compromised and agreed that the new government would support the "federative principle"—a conveniently elastic phrase. The discussions were not public knowledge and Macdonald stunned the Assembly by announcing that the dissolution was being postponed because of progress in negotiations with Brown—the two men were not only political rivals, but were known to hate each other.

 رئيس وزراء كندا

انظر أيضاً: Electoral history of John A. Macdonald

Canada's economic growth was quite slow at only 1% annually 1867–1896. Canada verged on stagnation so many residents emigrated to the United States, where growth was much more rapid. Macdonald's solution was to build the transcontinental railroad to stimulate growth, and to implement a "National Policy" of high tariffs that would protect the small Canadian firms from American competition.

 أول أغلبية، 1867–1871

خط زمني لتطور حدود كندا منذ 1867

Macdonald and his government faced immediate problems upon formation of the new country. Much work remained to do in creating a federal government. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the union; the Intercolonial Railway, which would both conciliate the Maritimes and bind them closer to the rest of Canada, was not yet built. Anglo-American relations were in a poor state, and Canadian foreign relations were matters handled from London. The withdrawal of the Americans in 1866 from the Reciprocity Treaty had increased tariffs on Canadian goods in US markets. Much of present-day Canada remained outside confederation—in addition to the separate colonies of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and British Columbia, which remained governed by the British, vast areas in the north and west belonged to the British and to the Hudson's Bay Company. American and British opinion was that the experiment of Confederation would quickly unravel, and the nascent nation absorbed by the United States.

 ثاني أغلبية وفضيحة الهادي، 1872–1873

In the run-up to the 1872 election, Macdonald had yet to formulate a railway policy, or to devise the loan guarantees that would be needed to secure the construction. During the previous year, Macdonald had met with potential railway financiers such as Hugh Allan and considerable financial discussion took place. Nevertheless, the greatest political problem Macdonald faced was the Washington treaty, which had not yet been debated in Parliament.

"Whither are we drifting?" Macdonald is shown triumphant at obtaining a prorogation, but is trampling a weeping Canada and apparently drunk with bottle in pocket in this August 1873 cartoon by John Wilson Bengough. Macdonald is depicted claiming clean hands, but with "Send me another $10,000" written on his palm.

I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me, I know, and it is no vain boast to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.

 المعارضة، 1873–1878

In this Bengough cartoon, Macdonald (centre, ankles crossed) rides the elephant of the National Policy into power in the 1878 election, trampling the Liberals underfoot. Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie is also being strangled by the elephant's trunk.

 ثالث ورابع أغلبية، 1878–1887

Macdonald in November 1883, age 68

Part of the National Policy was implemented in the budget presented in February 1879. Under that budget, Canada became a high-tariff nation like the United States and Germany. The tariffs were designed to protect and build Canadian industry—finished textiles received a tariff of 34%, but the machinery to make them entered Canada free. Macdonald continued to fight for higher tariffs for the remainder of his life.

Macdonald uses his parliamentary majority to roll to victory over Liberal leader Edward Blake and his party in this 1884 cartoon by John Wilson Bengough

Protestants demanded Riel be executed; Catholics wanted him to live. The decision for execution was a major political blunder that permanently alienated Francophones.

 خامس وسادس أغلبية، 1887–1891؛ والوفاة

A Conservative election poster from 1891

Sir John A. Macdonald lying in state in the Senate chamber, 8 June 1891

Funeral of Sir John A. Macdonald in Cataraqui Cemetery, Kingston, Ontario

Grave of Sir John A. Macdonald in Cataraqui Cemetery, Kingston, Ontario

Wilfrid Laurier paid tribute to Macdonald in the House of Commons:

In fact the place of Sir John A. Macdonald in this country was so large and so absorbing that it is almost impossible to conceive that the politics of this country, the fate of this country, will continue without him. His loss overwhelms us.

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 الذكرى والنصب التذكارية

Macdonald Monument, Montreal

Memorial to John A MacDonald, St David's Church, Ingram Street, گلاسگو

طابع بريد كندي يكرم مكدونالد، 1927

 الدرجات الفخرية

Macdonald was awarded the following honorary degrees:

Location	Date	School	Degree
اونتاريو	1863	Queen's University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
إنگلترة	1865	University of Oxford	Doctorate
اونتاريو	1889	University of Toronto	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)

 References

Notes

Citations

 Further reading

المقالة الرئيسية: List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada

• Bliss, Michael (2004). Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney (Updated ed.). Toronto: Harper Perennial Canada. ISBN 978-0-00-639484-6.
• Collins, Joseph Edmund (1883). Life and times of the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald: Premier of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto: Rose Publishing Company.
• Creighton, Donald (1964). The Road to Confederation: The Emergence of Canada: 1863–1867. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd.
• Creighton, Donald (1952). John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician, Vol 1: 1815–1867. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); standard biography
• Creighton, Donald (1955). John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain, Vol 2: 1867–1891. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. ISBN 978-0-8020-7164-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Creighton, Donald G. "John A. Macdonald, Confederation and the Canadian West" Transactions of the Manitoba Historical Society Series 3, Number 23, 1966–67 online
• Dutil, Patrice and Roger Hall, eds. Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies (2014), essays by scholars
• Gwyn, Richard (2007). The Man Who Made Us: The Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald, Vol 1: 1815–1867. Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 978-0-679-31475-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gwyn, Richard (2011). Nation Builder: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times, Vol 2: 1867–1891. Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-35644-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gwyn, Richard J. "Canada's Father Figure," Canada's History (2012) 92#5 pp 30–37.
• Johnson, J. K. and P. B. Waite, "MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER," Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol. 12, (2003) accessed 13 November 2015.
• McInnis, Edgar. Canada: A political and social history (1982) pp 342–431
• Martin, Ged. "John A. Macdonald: Provincial Premier." British Journal of Canadian Studies (2007) 20.1 : 99–122.
• Phenix, Patricia (2006). Private Demons: The Tragic Personal Life of John A. Macdonald (1st hardcover ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-7044-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pope, Joseph (1894). Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G.C.B., First Prime Minister of The Dominion of Canada. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smith, Cynthia; McLeod, Jack (1989). Sir John A.: An Anecdotal Life of John A. Macdonald. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-540681-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Swainson, Donald (1989). Sir John A. Macdonald: The Man and the Politician. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press. ISBN 978-0-19-540181-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Waite, P. B. (1975). Macdonald: His Life and World. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. ISBN 978-0-07-082301-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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 Historiography

• Dutil, Patrice and Roger Hall, eds. (2014). Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies. Toronto: Dundurn. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), essays by scholars
• Symons, Thomas H.B. "Macdonald's qualities as leader, builder withstand welcome wave of critiques," Canadian Issues (May 2015) online

 مصادر رئيسية

• Gibson, Sarah Katherine and Arthur Milnes, eds. Canada Transformed: The Speeches of Sir John A. Macdonald: A Bicentennial Celebration (McClelland and Stewart, 2014) xlvi + 486pp; mostly drawn from debates in Parliament
• Johnson, J.K. (1969). Affectionately Yours: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald and His Family. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd.

 وصلات خارجية

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

جون ماكدونالد

• "Topic — Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada". CBC. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
• Library and Archives Canada: gallery of papers
• قالب:Cite DNB
• The Canadian Encyclopedia: Sir John A. Macdonald profile

مناصب سياسية
سبقه Robert Baldwin	Attorney General of Canada West 1854–1862	تبعه John Sandfield Macdonald
سبقه John Sandfield Macdonald	Attorney General of Canada West 1864–1867	تبعه Replaced by Attorney General of Ontario and Attorney General of Canada
سبقه Sir Allan Napier MacNab	Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada – Canada West 1856 – 1858	تبعه George Brown
سبقه George Brown	Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada – Canada West 1858 – 1867	تبعه himself as Prime Minister of Canada and Sir John Sandfield Macdonald as Premier of Ontario
سبقه none	Leader of the Conservative Party 1867–1891	تبعه Sir John J.C. Abbott
	Prime Minister of Canada 1867–1873	تبعه Alexander Mackenzie
	Minister of Justice and Attorney General 1867–1873	تبعه Antoine Dorion
سبقه Alexander Mackenzie	Leader of the Opposition 1873–1878	تبعه Alexander Mackenzie
	Prime Minister of Canada 1878–1891	تبعه Sir John J.C. Abbott
سبقه David Mills	Minister of the Interior 1878–1883	تبعه Edgar Dewdney
	Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 1878–1887	تبعه Thomas White
سبقه Archibald Woodbury McLelan	President of the Privy Council 1883 – 1889	تبعه Charles Carrol Colby
سبقه Thomas White	Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 1888	تبعه Edgar Dewdney
	Minister of the Interior 1888
سبقه John Henry Pope	Minister of Railways and Canals 1889 – 1891	تبعه Mackenzie Bowell (acting)
برلمان كندا
سبقه none	Member of Parliament for Kingston 1867 – 1878	تبعه Alexander Gunn
سبقه Joseph Ryan	Member of Parliament for Marquette 1878	تبعه Joseph Ryan
سبقه Francis James Roscoe	Member of Parliament for Victoria 1878 – 1882	تبعه E.C. Baker
سبقه Edmund Hooper	Member of Parliament for Lennox 1882	تبعه David W. Allison
سبقه John Rochester	Member of Parliament for Carleton 1882 – 1887	تبعه George Dickinson
سبقه Alexander Gunn	Member of Parliament for Kingston 1887 – 1891	تبعه James H. Metcalfe