جمعية البنادق الوطنية
 | |
| تأسست | 16 نوفمبر 1871 |
|---|---|
| المؤسس | William Conant Church George Wood Wingate |
| النوع | 501(c)(4)[2] |
| 53-0116130 | |
| التركيز | Gun politics in the United States, Gun rights. |
| الموقع | |
منطقة الخدمة | United States |
| الخدمات | Membership organization Magazine publisher Education/certification |
| الطريقة | Lobbying Publications Outreach programs |
الأعضاء | 5 million (self-reported, as of 2017)[3] |
الأشخاص البارزون | Pete Brownell, President Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President Chris W. Cox, chief lobbyist Dana Loesch, national spokesperson |
| المنظمات الفرعية | NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund NRA Foundation NRA Special Contribution Fund NRA Freedom Action Foundation NRA Institute for Legislative Action NRA Political Victory Fund |
الدخل | $433.9 million (2016)[4] |
| المصاريف | $475.9 million (2016)[4] |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | NRA.org |
The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for gun rights.[5][6][7] Founded in 1871, the group has informed its members about firearm-related legislation since 1934, and it has directly lobbied for and against legislation since 1975.[8]
Founded to advance rifle marksmanship, the modern NRA continues to teach firearm safety and competency. The organization also publishes several magazines and sponsors competitive marksmanship events.[8] According to the NRA, membership surpassed 5 million in May 2013.[5]
Observers and lawmakers see the NRA as one of the top three most influential lobbying groups in Washington, D.C.[9][10] The NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) is its lobbying arm, which manages its political action committee (PAC), the Political Victory Fund (PVF). Over its history the organization has influenced legislation, participated in or initiated lawsuits, and endorsed or opposed various candidates at local, state and federal levels.
The NRA has been criticized by gun control and gun rights advocacy groups, political commentators, and politicians.[11][12] The organization has been the focus of intense criticism in the aftermath of high-profile shootings, such as the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting.
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التاريخ
الضغط والنشاط السياسيان
A 1999 Fortune magazine survey said that lawmakers and their staffers considered the NRA the most powerful lobbying organization three years in a row.[9] Chris W. Cox is the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist, a position he has held since 2002. In 2012, 88% of Republicans and 11% of Democrats in Congress had received an NRA PAC contribution at some point in their career. Of the members of the Congress that convened in 2013, 51% received funding from the NRA PAC within their political careers, and 47% received NRA money in their most recent race. According to Lee Drutman, political scientist and senior fellow at the Sunlight Foundation, "It is important to note that these contributions are probably a better measure of allegiance than of influence."[13]
Internationally, the NRA opposes the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT).[14] It has opposed Canadian gun registry,[15] supported Brazilian gun rights,[16][17] and criticized Australian gun laws.[18]
In 2016 the NRA raised a record $366 million and spent $412 million for political activities. The NRA also maintains a PAC which is excluded from these figures.[19] The organization donated to congressional races for both Republicans (223) and Democrats (9) to candidates for Congress.[20]
انظر أيضاً
== المراجع ==
- ^ "The National Rifle Association". The New York Times. September 17, 1871.
A meeting of the National Rifle Association was held in the Seventh Regiment armory yesterday, Gen. J. P. Woodward, of the second Division, presided, and Col. H. G. Shaw officiated as Secretary. Articles of association were presented and adopted. The incorporators are composed of forty prominent officers and ex-officers of the National Guard. Membership in the Association is to be open to all persons interested in the promotion of the rifle practice. Regiments and companies in the National Guard are entitled by the by-laws to constitute all their regular members in good standing members of the Association on the payment of one-half of the entrance fees and annual dues.
- ^ "National Rifle Association". Guide Star.
- ^ "Remarkable Finding from Pew Survey on NRA membership". National Rifle Association Institute of Legislative Action. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ أ ب "NRA releases financial statement showing revenue, expenses for 2016". Retrieved January 2, 2018.
- ^ أ ب Korte, Gregory (May 4, 2013). "Post-Newtown, NRA membership surges to 5 million". USA Today.
- ^ Carter, Gregg Lee, ed. (2012). "National Rifle Association (NRA)". Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–20. ISBN 978-0313386701. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
The National Rifle Association (NRA) is the nation's largest, oldest, and most politically powerful interest group that opposes gun laws and favors gun rights.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ More gun rights sources:
- Carter, Greg Lee (2006). Gun Control in the United States: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851097609.
Almost all of [the groups listed] are readily classifiable as either advocating a 'gun control' or a 'gun rights' position.
- Knox, Neal (2009). Knox, Christopher (ed.). Neal Knox: The Gun Rights War. MacFarlane Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0976863304.
One of the few advantages – possibly the only advantage – that supporters of gun rights hold is the fact that there are more one-issue voters on the pro-gun side than on the anti-gun side.
- Patterson, Samuel C.; Eakins, Keith R. (1998). "Congress and Gun Control". In Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde (eds.). The Changing Politics of Gun Control. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847686159. OCLC 833118449. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
During the gun control legislation battles of the 1960s, the NRA, although it had no registered lobbyists, was the most powerful gun rights organization. It still enjoys this distinction, although it has undergone significant change.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Utter, Glenn H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights. Grey House. ISBN 978-1592376728.
- Wellford, Charles F; Pepper, John V; Petrie, Carol V, eds. (2013) [Print ed. 2005]. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review (Electronic ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 283. ISBN 0309546400.
Another commentator pointed out, however, that a significant number of the articles supporting the individual right model published between 1970 and 1989 were written by lawyers who had either been employed by or who represented gun rights organizations, including the NRA.
- Carter, Greg Lee (2006). Gun Control in the United States: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851097609.
- ^ أ ب "A Brief History of NRA". National Rifle Association HQ. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب "FORTUNE Releases Annual Survey of Most Powerful Lobbying Organizations" (Press release). Time Warner. November 15, 1999. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ Wilson, James Q.; et al. (2011). American Government: Institutions & Policies. Cengage Learning. p. 264. ISBN 978-0495802815.
- ^ "Bloomberg Throws Punch at NRA, Obama: Bloomberg says NRA 'encourages behavior that causes things like Connecticut' shooting". ABC News. December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ Robillard, Kevin (December 26, 2012). "Frank Luntz: NRA not listening to public". Politico. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ Drutman, Lee (December 18, 2012). "NRA's allegiances reach deep into Congress". Sunlight Foundation.
- ^ Editorial Board (September 30, 2013). "Containing the Conventional Arms Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ "NRA involved in gun registry debate". Ontario, Canada: CBC. September 13, 2010. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (September 17, 2006). "Global Gun Rights?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Flannery, Nathaniel Parish (July 11, 2013). "What Are The NRA And Smith and Wesson Up To In Latin America?". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ O'Malley, Nick (December 12, 2013). "Sandy Hook massacre: Gun lobby targets Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, Australia: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ "The NRA raised a record amount of money in 2016".
- ^ Business Insider, February 28, 2018, These are the members of Congress with the most NRA donations, Retrieved April 2, 2018, "...The NRA remains one of the premier gun rights lobbying groups in the US, regularly contributing to congressional candidates...."
للاستزادة
Books
- Anderson, Jack (1996). Inside the NRA: Armed and Dangerous : An Exposé. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Dove. p. 180. ISBN 0787106771. OCLC 34235436.
- Davidson, Osha Gray (1998). Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control. University of Iowa Press. p. 338. ISBN 0877456461.
- Feldman, Richard (2011). Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118130995.
- LaPierre, Wayne R. (1994). Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery. ISBN 0895264773. OCLC 246629786.
- Melzer, Scott (2009). Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War. New York University Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0814795972.
- Patrick, Brian Anse (2002). The National Rifle Association and the Media: The Motivating Force of Negative Coverage. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820451220. OCLC 316870710.
- Raymond, Emilie (2006). From My Cold, Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics. ISBN 978-0813124087. OCLC 77125677.
- Sugarmann, Josh (1992). National Rifle Association: Money, Firepower, and Fear. Washington, D.C.: Violence Policy Center. p. 258. ISBN 978-1451500226. OCLC 773292764.
- Trefethen, James B.; Serven, James E. (1967). Americans and Their Guns: The National Rifle Association Story Through Nearly a Century of Service to the Nation. Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. p. 320. OCLC 1361329.
- Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 361. ISBN 978-0393082296.
News
- Cizzilla, Chris (December 18, 2012). "The NRA's big spending edge – in 1 chart". The Washington Post (blog). Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- Fox, Lauren (May 7, 2014). "Locked and Loaded: How the NRA Aims to Endure". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- Smith, Rich (February 17, 2014). "The NRA Reveals Who's to Blame for Ammo Shortage: You". The Motley Fool. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
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وصلات خارجية
- Official NRA website – the website for the National Rifle Association of America
- Lobbyist profile at OpenSecrets.org
- قالب:ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer
- CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
- CS1 errors: unsupported parameter
- Coordinates not on Wikidata
- National Rifle Association
- 1871 establishments in New York (state)
- 501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations
- Firearms-related organizations
- Gun rights advocacy groups in the United States
- Hobbyist organizations
- Lobbying organizations in the United States
- Magazine publishing companies of the United States
- Non-profit organizations based in Fairfax, Virginia
- Nonpartisan organizations in the United States
- Organizations established in 1871
- Shooting sports in the United States
- Shooting sports organisations
- Civil liberties advocacy groups in the United States
- Regions of the International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations