اللغات السلاڤية الجنوبية
South Slavic | |
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Geographic distribution | Southeast Europe |
Linguistic classification | الهندو-اوروپية
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Subdivisions |
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ISO 639-5 | zls |
Glottolog | sout3147 |
Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language |
The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages. There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans. These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches (West and East) by a belt of German, Hungarian and Romanian speakers. The first South Slavic language to be written (also the first attested Slavic language) was the variety spoken in Thessaloniki, now called Old Church Slavonic, in the ninth century. It is retained as a liturgical language in some South Slavic Orthodox churches in the form of various local Church Slavonic traditions.
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Classification
The South Slavic languages constitute a dialect continuum.[1][2] Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin constitute a single dialect within this continuum.[3]
- Eastern
- Bulgarian – (ISO 639-1 code: bg; ISO 639-2 code: bul; SIL code: bul; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-hb)
- Macedonian – (ISO 639-1 code: mk; ISO 639-2(B) code: mac; ISO 639-2(T) code: mkd; SIL code: mkd; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-ha)
- Old Church Slavonic (extinct) – (ISO 639-1 code: cu; ISO 639-2 code: chu; SIL code: chu; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-a)
- Western
- Slovene (ISO 639-1 code: sl; ISO 639-2 code: slv; ISO 639-3 code: slv; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-f)
- Kajkavian (ISO 639-3 code: kjv)
- Chakavian (ISO 639-3 code: ckm)
- Serbo-Croatian/Shtokavian (ISO 639-1 code: sh; ISO 639-2/3 code: hsb; SIL code: scr; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-g).
There are four national standard languages based on the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect:- Serbian (ISO 639-1 code: sr; ISO 639-2/3 code: srp; SIL code: srp)
- Croatian (ISO 639-1 code: hr; ISO 639-2/3 code: hrv; SIL code: hrv)
- Bosnian (ISO 639-1 code: bs; ISO 639-2/3 code: bos; SIL code: bos)
- Montenegrin (ISO 639-2/3 code: cnr; SIL code: cnr)
Linguistic prehistory
The Slavic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic group, which belongs to the Indo-European language family. The South Slavic languages have been considered a genetic node in Slavic studies: defined by a set of phonological, morphological and lexical innovations (isoglosses) which separate it from the Western and Eastern Slavic groups. That view, however, has been challenged in recent decades (see below).
Some innovations encompassing all South Slavic languages are shared with the Eastern Slavic group, but not the Western Slavic. These include:[4]
- Consistent application of Slavic second palatalization before Proto-Slavic *v
- Loss of *d and *t before Proto-Slavic *l
- Merger of Proto-Slavic *ś (resulting from the second and third palatalization) with *s
This is illustrated in the following table:
Late Proto-Slavic | South Slavic | West Slavic | East Slavic | |||||||||
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reconstruction | meaning | Old Church Slavonic | Slovene | Serbo-Croatian | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Czech | Slovak | Polish | Belarusian | Russian | Ukrainian |
*gvězda | star | звѣзда | zvezda | zv(ij)ézda зв(иј)е́зда |
звезда | ѕвезда | hvězda | hviezda | gwiazda | звязда | звезда (звѣзда) |
звізда |
*květъ | flower, bloom | цвѣтъ | cvet | cv(ij)ȇt цв(иј)е̑т |
цвете | цвет | květ | kvet | kwiat | кветка | цвет | цвіт, квітка |
*ordlo | plough | рало | ralo | rȁlo ра̏ло |
рало | рало | rádlo | radlo | radło | рала | орало, рало |
рало |
*vьśь | all | вьсь | ves | sȁv са̏в |
вси | сиот | vše | všetok | wszystkie | весь | весь | весь |
Dialectal classification
- South Slavic languages
- Eastern
- Bulgarian dialects
- Eastern Bulgarian dialects
- Western Bulgarian dialects
- Macedonian dialects
- Northern
- Western/Northwestern
- Eastern
- Southeastern
- Southwestern
- Bulgarian dialects
- Transitional (called Torlakian), including Transitional Bulgarian dialects in western Bulgaria, Prizren-Timok dialect in southeast Serbia and south Kosovo, northern Macedonian dialects
- Western
- Shtokavian dialects (Serbo-Croatian)
- Šumadija–Vojvodina (Ekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): Serbia
- Smederevo–Vršac (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): east-central Serbia
- Kosovo–Resava (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): north Kosovo, eastern central Serbia
- Zeta–Raška (Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in south and east Montenegro and southwest Serbia
- Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian, Neo-Shtokavian), Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro
- East-Bosnian (Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in central and northern Bosnia
- Slavonian (mixed yat, Old-Shtokavian), in eastern Croatia
- Younger Ikavian (Ikavian), in Dalmatia, central Bosnia, northern Serbia
- Prizren–Timok (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in southeast Serbia and south Kosovo
- Chakavian dialects
- Buzet subdialect: Croatia
- Western Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
- Southwestern Istrian subdialect: Croatia
- Northern Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
- Southern Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
- Lastovo subdialect: Croatia
- Kajkavian dialects, in Croatia
- Zagorje–Međimurje subdialect
- Križevci–Podravina subdialect
- Turopolje–Posavina subdialect
- Prigorski subdialect
- Donja Sutla subdialect
- Goranski subdialect
- Slovene dialects
- Littoral Slovene: Primorsko; west Slovenia and Adriatic
- Rovte Slovene: Rovtarsko; between Littoral and Carniolan
- Upper and Lower Carniolan: Gorenjsko and Dolenjsko; central; basis of Standard Slovene
- Styrian: Štajersko; eastern Slovenia
- Pannonian or Prekmurje dialect: Panonsko; far eastern Slovenia
- Carinthian: Koroško; far north and northwest Slovenia
- Resian: Rozajansko; Italy, west of Carinthian
- Other
- Burgenland Croatian (mixed), minority in Austria and Hungary
- Shtokavian dialects (Serbo-Croatian)
- Eastern
Eastern group
Bulgarian dialects
- Eastern Bulgarian dialects
- Western Bulgarian dialects (includes Torlakian dialect)
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Macedonian dialects
- Southeastern Macedonian dialects
- Northern Macedonian (including three Torlakian dialects)
- Western Macedonian dialects
Torlakian dialect in Serbian spoken language
- Southeastern Serbian Torlakian dialects are only spoken and unstandardized, as Serbian literary language only recognizes Shtokavian form (as other Serbo-Croatian languages)
Transitional South Slavic languages
Torlakian dialect
المجموعة الغربية
العلاقات بين التنويعات
The table below illustrates relationships among the varieties of the western group of South Slavic languages:
اللهجات الشتوكاڤية
اللهجات السلوڤينية
مقارنة
The table below compares grammatical and phonological innovations. The similarity of Kajkavian and Slovenian is apparent.
Slovene | Kajkavian | Chakavian | Shtokavian | |
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Acute > neoacute nonfinally | Most dialects | |||
Loss of Proto-Slavic tone | Some dialects | Neoshtokavian | ||
u- > vu- | Some dialects | Yes | ||
ǫ > o | Yes | Yes | ||
-ojo > -o in instrumental singular | Yes | Yes | ||
ć > č | Most dialects | Yes | ||
Neocircumflex | Yes | Yes | ||
Loss of vocative | Yes | Yes | Some dialects | |
Final devoicing | Most dialects | Yes | Yes | |
đ > j | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
žV > rV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Western |
Final -m > -n | Some dialects | Yes | ||
ľ, ň > l, n | Most dialects | Yes | ||
jd, jt > đ, ć | Yes | Yes | ||
ř > r | Yes | Yes | ||
ə > a | Yes | Yes | ||
čr > cr | Yes | |||
Dat/loc/ins plural -ma/-u (from dual) | Yes |
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النحو
نظم الكتابة
انظر أيضاً
- Abstand and ausbau languages
- Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
- Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
- Mutual intelligibility
- Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
- South Slavic dialect continuum
- Standard language
- Yat
الهامش
- ^ Friedman, Victor (1999). Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 8. OCLC 46734277.
- ^ Alexander, Ronelle (2000). In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 4. OCLC 47186443.
- ^ Roland Sussex (2006). The Slavic languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-521-22315-7.
- ^ Cited after Matasović (2008:59, 143)
- ^ Кочев (Kochev), Иван (Ivan) (2001). Български диалектен атлас (Bulgarian dialect atlas) (in Bulgarian). София: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 954-90344-1-0. OCLC 48368312.
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المصادر
- Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. قالب:CROSBI. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Matasović, Ranko (2008) (in Serbo-Croatian), Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika, Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, ISBN 978-953-150-840-7
- Sussex, Roland; Cubberly, Paul (2006), The Slavic languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-24204-5
- Edward Stankiewicz (1986). The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-009904-1.
- Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova (1998). Formal Approaches to South Slavic Languages. Linguistics Department, NTNU.
- Mirjana N. Dedaic; Mirjana Miskovic-Lukovic (2010). South Slavic Discourse Particles. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-272-5601-2.
- Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova; Lars Hellan (15 March 1999). Topics in South Slavic Syntax and Semantics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-8386-3.
- Radovan Lučić (2002). Lexical norm and national language: lexicography and language policy in South-Slavic languages after 1989. Verlag Otto Sagner.
- Motoki Nomachi (2011). The Grammar of Possessivity in South Slavic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. ISBN 978-4-938637-66-8.
- Steven Franks; Brian D. Joseph; Vrinda Chidambaram (1 January 2009). A Linguist's Linguist: Studies in South Slavic Linguistics in Honor of E. Wayles Browne. Slavica Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89357-364-5.
- A. A. Barentsen; R. Sprenger; M. G. M. Tielemans (1982). South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics. Rodopi. ISBN 90-6203-634-1.
- Anita Peti-Stantic; Mateusz-Milan Stanojevic; Goranka Antunovic (2015). Language Varieties Between Norms and Attitudes: South Slavic Perspectives : Proceedings from the 2013 CALS Conference. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-66256-4.
للاستزادة
- Тохтасьев, С.Р. (1998), "Древнейшие свидетельства славянского языка на Балканах. Основы балканского языкознания. Языки балканского региона", Ч 2
- Golubović, J. and Gooskens, C. (2015), "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages", Russian Linguistics 39 (3)
- Henrik Birnbaum (1976). On the significance of the second South Slavic influence for the evolution of the Russian literary language. Peter de Rider Press. ISBN 978-90-316-0047-2.
- Masha Belyavski-Frank (2003). The Balkan conditional in South Slavic: a semantic and syntactic study. Sagner.
- Patrice Marie Rubadeau (1996). A descriptive study of clitics in four Slavic languages: Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Polish, and Czech. University of Michigan.