الخطيب (شيشرون)

الخطيب (Orator)، كتبه شيشرون في النصف الثاني من عام 46 ق.م.[1] وهو آخر أعماله في البلاغة، قبل وفاته بثلاث سنوات.[2] في وصفه للبلاغة، يتناول شيشرون التعليقات السابقة على قوانين البلاغة الخمسة: Inventio، Dispositio، Elocutio، Memoria، و Pronuntiatio. في هذا النص، يحاول شيشرون وصف الخطيب المثالي، استجابة لطلب "ماركوس جونيوس بروتس". الخطيب هو استمرار للمناظرة بين بروتس وشيشرون، والتي نشأت في عمله بروتس، المكتوب في وقت سابق من نفس العام.

عُثر على أقدم نص جزئي من "الخطيب" في دير مونت سانت-ميشيل وهو موجود حالياً في المكتبة في أڤرانش.[3] اكتشفت سبعة وثلاثين مخطوطة موجودة من هذا النص. واكتشف نص كامل آخر عام 1421، بالقرب من ميلانو في بلدة لودي. تختلف نصوص هاتين المخطوطتين بشكل كبير، ويعتمد المترجمون المعاصرون على كليهما.

عام 46 ق.م، عندما كتب شيشرون الخطيب، ثار العديد من الشباب الرومان ضد النماذج الأسلوبية التي طرحها شيشرون، ومن معظم التقاليد الرومانية بشكل عام.[2] يكتب شيشرون في موقف دفاعي لهذا الجمهور المعادي.

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السياق وملخص

In Orator, Cicero depicts several models for speakers. Cicero states to the Romans the importance of searching and discovering their own sense of rhetoric. “I am sure, the magnificence of Plato did not deter Aristotle from writing, nor did Aristotle with all his marvelous breadth of knowledge put an end to the studies of others.” [4] Cicero encouraged the plebeians through his writing, “Moreover, not only were outstanding men not deterred from undertaking liberal pursuits, but even craftsmen did not give up their arts because they were unable to equal the beauty of the picture of Ialysus . . . .”[4] Cicero proposes that rhetoric cannot be confined to one specific group but rather outlines a guide that will lead to the creation of successful orators across Roman society.[2]

In Orator, Cicero also addressed the accusation lodged by his fellow senators, including Brutus, that he was an “Atticist.” Cicero addresses this claim by saying that he is too independent and bold to be associated with Atticism, producing his own unique style. Cicero claims the perfect orator creates his own “elocutio,” or diction and style, rather than following this movement.[2]

Cicero states that all five canons are equally important. Throughout the text, Cicero advises his Roman audience on how to form proper oratory by formal guidelines but also how to specialize individually in their own sense of oratory. Orator is written with ideas ranging from the construction of arguments to rhetorical performance. In relation to other Ciceronian works on rhetoric, Orator receives less treatment with scarce research compared to other rhetorical works.


أهداف الخطيب

The three aims of the orator, according to Cicero, are "docere, delectare, et movere." That is: to prove your thesis to the audience, to delight the audience, and to emotionally move the audience.[5] The emotional vividness of poetic language becomes part of the rhetorical tools in service of persuading the audience to your point of view.[6]

المصادر

  1. ^ Tempest, Kathryn. "Prologue." In Cicero: politics and persuasion in ancient Rome. London: Continuum, 2011. 1-7.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Cicero, Marcus Tullius, and George L. Hendrickson. Brutus Orator / Cicero. With an English transl. by H.M. Hubbell.. Rev. and repr. ed. London: Heinemann [u.a.], 1962.
  3. ^ Hendrickson, G. L. . "Cicero's Correspondence with Brutus and Calvus on Oratorical Style ." The American Journal of Philology 47, no. 3 (1926): 237-238.
  4. ^ أ ب Cicero, Marcus Tullius, and B White. Cicero's Brutus, or history of famous orators: also, his Orator, or accomplished speaker. Now first translated into English, by E. Jones. London: Printed for B. White, 1776.
  5. ^ Clark, Donald. "Rhetoric and Poetry in the Renaissance". Distributed Proofreaders. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  6. ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. "Orator". Retrieved 14 November 2013.

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