الحرب المغربية-الإسبانية (1859)

Hispano-Moroccan War
300px الحرب كما صورها ماريانو فورتوني في لوحته حرب تطوان، زيت على كانڤا، المتحف الوطني للفن بقطالونيا.
التاريخ22 October 1859 – 26 April 1860
الموقع
Northern Morocco
النتيجة

Spanish victory
Treaty of Wad Ras:

المتحاربون
إسپانيا Spain المغرب Morocco
القادة والزعماء
إسپانيا Isabella II
إسپانيا Antonio Ros Olano
إسپانيا Leopoldo O'Donnell
إسپانيا Juan de Zavala
إسپانيا Juan Prim
المغرب Muhammad IV
المغرب Mawlay Abbas
المغرب Mawlay Ahmad
القوى
Expeditionary Army:
إسپانيا 44,740 soldiers
إسپانيا 3,000 cavalry
إسپانيا 78 artillery
Spanish Armada:
إسپانيا 24 warships
إسپانيا 11 transport vessels
Week 6 Reinforcements
إسپانيا 5,600 soldiers
إسپانيا 3,450 militias
Cherifian Army:
المغرب 50,000 cavalry
الضحايا والخسائر

إسپانيا 4,040 killed[1]

  • 1,152 in battle
  • 2,888 from disease
إسپانيا 4,994 wounded
المغرب 6,000 killed
About 10,000 dead in total[2]

الحرب الإسبانية المغربية لسنة 1859، معروفة في إسبانيا باسم الحرب الإفريقية (بالإسبانية: La Guerra de África)، حرب وقعت بين إسبانيا والمغرب ما بين عامي 1859 - 1860 م في تطوان شمالي المغرب. was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860. It began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta and was fought in northern Morocco. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán.

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Background

Throughout the 19th century, Morocco suffered military defeats at the hands of Europeans powers, notably in the Franco-Moroccan War in 1844. In 1856 the Moroccan government signed the Anglo-Moroccan Treaty with the British which set the Moroccan customs duty at 10% and brought an end to royal monopolies.[3]

Since 1840, the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla often experienced attacks by Riffian tribesmen, especially in 1844, 1845, and 1848.


الحرب

Spanish infantry during the war, by José Benlliure.

The casus belli for Spain were the unrelenting attacks of Riffian tribesmen on Spanish settlements in North Africa; following unfruitful negotiations with Sultan Abd al-Rahman vis-à-vis the reparations (the latter, unable to control the cabilas, actually died in the midst of negotiations and was replaced by his brother Muhammad IV), a declaration of war propelled by Leopoldo O'Donnell was unanimously passed by the Congress of Deputies on 22 October 1859.[4]

The expeditionary army that left Algeciras was made up of about 45,000 men, 3,000 mules and horses, and 78 pieces of artillery, supported by a war squad made up of a ship of the line; two propeller and one sail frigates, two corvettes, four schooners , eleven wheeled steamers and three feluccas, in addition to nine steamers and three Feluccas that acted as troop transports.[5]

The objectives set were the taking of Tetouan and the occupation of the port of Tangier. On December 17, hostilities were unleashed by the column commanded by Zabala that occupied the Sierra de Bullones. Two days later, Echagüe conquered the Serrallo Palace and O'Donnell led the force that landed in Ceuta on the 21st. On the 25th, the three army corps had consolidated their positions and were awaiting the order to advance towards Tetouan. On January 1, 1860, General Prim stormed to the mouth of Uad el-Jelúwith the flank support of General Zabala and that of the fleet that kept the enemy forces away from the coast. The skirmishes continued until January 31, when a Moroccan offensive action was contained, and O'Donnell began the march towards Tetouan, with the support of the Catalan volunteers. It was covered by General Ros de Olano and Prim on the flanks. The pressure of the Spanish artillery destroyed the Moroccan ranks to the point that the remains of this army took refuge in Tetouan, which fell on February 6.[6]

The Spaniards entered Tetouan on February 3, 1860. They bombarded the city for the following two days which allowed chaos to reign free. Riffian tribesmen poured into the city and pillaged it (mainly the Jewish quarters). The Moroccan historian Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri described the looting during the bombardment:

A tumult broke out in the town,... the hand of the mob stretched out to plunder, and even [normal] people took off the cloak of decency.... People of the Jabal, and the Arabs, and the riffraff began to pillage and steal; they broke down the doors of the houses and the shops.... keeping at it the whole night until the morning

On February 5 the Spanish entered the city, ending both the battle and the war.

الأعقاب

The Peace of Wad-Ras, by Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer (1870).

Following an armistice of 32 days,[7] the Treaty of Wad-Ras or Peace of Tétouan was signed on 26 April 1860. The treaty contemplated the extension on perpetuity of the Spanish presence in Ceuta and Melilla, the end of tribal raids on those cities, the recognition by Morocco of Spanish sovereignty over the Chafarinas Islands, the retrocession of the territory of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (a territory of uncertain location by that time, ultimately Sidi Ifni) to Spain in order to establish a fishing post, the permission to missionaries for establishing a Christian church in Tétouan, and the Spanish administration over the later city until reparations of &&&&&&&020000000.&&&&&020٬000٬000 duros were paid.[8]

Once Morocco paid the compensation (partially through money lent by the British), O'Donnell retired his troops from Tétouan.[9]

المراجع

  1. ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed., Micheal Clodfelter, p. 199.
  2. ^ Cerda Catalán, Alfonso. La Guerra entre España y las repúblicas del Pacífico, 1864-1866: el bombardeo de Valparaíso y el combate naval del Callao. p. 37.
  3. ^ Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
  4. ^ Fernández-Rivero 2011, pp. 470–471.
  5. ^ Historia de España. Josep Fontana i Làzaro, Ramón Villares, Domingo Plácido Suárez. Barcelona: Crítica. 2007. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-84-8432-917-6. OCLC 180188063.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ Historia de España. Josep Fontana i Làzaro, Ramón Villares, Domingo Plácido Suárez. Barcelona: Crítica. 2007. p. 216. ISBN 978-84-8432-917-6. OCLC 180188063.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ Villatoro, Manuel P. (9 May 2017). "El héroe vasco que defendió España frente a miles de rifeños en la épica batalla de Wad Ras". ABC.
  8. ^ Romero Morales 2014, pp. 639–640.
  9. ^ Romero Morales 2014, p. 640.

المصادر

مصادر

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