الجمهورية البرتغالية الأولى

Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa
1910–1926
العلم Coat of arms
النشيد: A Portuguesacode: pt is deprecated   (برتغالية) The Portuguese
العاصمة	Lisbon
اللغات الشائعة	Portuguese (in Continental Portugal, Madeira and Azores, official in the Portuguese Empire)
الحكومة	Dominant-party Parliamentary republic
President
• 1911–1915	Manuel de Arriaga (1st)
• 1925–1926	Bernardino Machado (last)
Prime Minister
• 1911	João Pinheiro Chagas (1st)
• 1925–1926	António Maria da Silva (last)
التشريع	Congress of the Republic
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
التاريخ
• Established	October 5, 1910
• Constitution	August 21, 1911
• Disestablished	May 29, 1926
Area
1911	92,391 km2 (35,672 sq mi)
1920	92,391 km2 (35,672 sq mi)
التعداد
• 1911	5969056
• 1920	6032991
Currency	Portuguese real (1910–1911) Portuguese escudo (1911–1926)
سبقها تلاها Kingdom of Portugal Ditadura Nacional

The First Portuguese Republic (برتغالية: Primeira República Portuguesacode: pt is deprecated ; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926. The last movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.

The sixteen years of the First Republic saw nine presidents and 44 ministries, and have been described as consisting of "continual anarchy, government corruption, rioting and pillage, assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and religious persecution".

1910: اعلان الجمهورية البرتغالية

في 5 أكتوبر 1910، مع نزول الملك مانويل الثاني عن العرش، تنتهي الملكية في البرتغال. واعلان الجمهورية البرتغالية الأولى. تيوفيلو براگا يصبح أول رئيس للحكومة المؤقتة للبلد.

The current Portuguese flag dates back to the First Republic

Sardica, however, also points up the permanent impact of the republican experiment:

Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) nobody has dared to alter and which still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic’s prime legacy was indeed that of memory.

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 للاستزادة

• Leal, Ernesto Castro. "Parties and political identity: the construction of the party system of the Portuguese Republic (1910-1926)." E-journal of Portuguese History 7#1 (2009): 37-44. Online
• Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro De. Afonso Costa (London: Haus Publishing, 2010); 227 pp. excerpt
• Sardica, José Miguel. "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century," E-Journal of Portuguese History (Summer 2011) 9#1 pp 1–27. online
• Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese revolution of 1910." Journal of Modern History (1972): 172-194. in JSTOR
• Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: a political history, 1910-1926 (U of Wisconsin Press, 1999)