التونجية

This article is about the Polynesian language. It is not to be confused with Tonga language or Dungan language.
Tongan
lea faka-Tonga
موطنهاTonga;
significant immigrant community in New Zealand and the United States
العرقTongans
الناطقون الأصليون
(187,000
  • 96٬000 in Tonga cited 1998)e18
    73٬000 elsewhere (no date), primarily in NZ, U.S., and Australia[1]
Latin-based
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
Tonga
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2ton
ISO 639-2ton
ISO 639-3ton
Glottologtong1325
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

لغة تونگا هي لغة أوسترونيزية المنطوقة في تونجا. يتكلمها حوالي 187,000 متكلّم وهي لغةتونجا الوطنيّة.[2] إنّها لغة تتكون من (فعل-اسم-حرف). وبالرغم من أنها أساساً للحديث، إلا أن الصيغة المكتوبة منها تستخدم الكتابة اللاتينية.

لغات مرتبطة

التونجية هو أحد العديد من اللغات في فرع البولينيسي للغات الأوسترونيزية ، مع الهاواويةو المارويةو التاهيتية ، . باعتبار أن اللغات البولينيسية تطورت من لغة قديمة ة إلى كلغة Proto-Polynesian، يبدو ذلك الاصوات الكلامية للغة التونجية حازت على التغير الادنى.

Tongan has heavily influenced the Wallisian language after Tongans colonized the island of ʻUvea in the 15th and 16th centuries.[3]

Polynesian sound correspondences
Phoneme Proto-Polynesian Tongan Niuean Samoan Rapa Nui Tahitian Māori Cook Is. Māori Hawaiian English
/ŋ/ *taŋata tangata tagata tagata tangata taʻata tangata tangata kanaka person
/s/ *sina hina hina sina hina hinahina hina ʻina hina grey-haired
/h/ *kanahe kanahe kanahe ʻanae ʻanae kanae kanae ʻanae mullet (fish)
/ti/ *tiale siale tiale tiale tiare tiare tīare tiare kiele gardenia
/k/ *waka vaka vaka vaʻa vaka vaʻa waka vaka waʻa canoe
/f/ *fafine fefine fifine fafine vahine vahine wahine vaʻine wahine woman
/ʔ/ *matuqa[أ] matuʻa matua matua matuʻa metua matua metua, matua makua parent
/r/ *rua ua ua lua rua rua[ب] rua rua ʻelua two
/l/ *tolu tolu tolu tolu toru toru toru toru ʻekolu three

الأدب

Tongan has a very rich oral literature and is primarily a spoken, rather than written, language.

One of the first publications of Tongan texts was in William Mariner's grammar and dictionary of the Tongan language, edited and published in 1817 by John Martin as part of volume 2 of Mariner's Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean.[4] Orthography has changed since Mariner's time.

An annotated list of dictionaries and vocabularies of the Tongan language is available at the website of the Bibliographical Society of America under the resource heading 'Breon Mitchell": .

The Bible and the Book of Mormon were translated into Tongan and few other books were written in it.[5]

There are several weekly and monthly magazines in Tongan, but there are no daily newspapers.

Weekly newspapers, some of them twice per week:

  • Ko e Kalonikali ʻo Tonga
  • Ko e Keleʻa
  • Taimi ʻo Tonga
  • Talaki
  • Ko e Tauʻatāina
  • Tonga Maʻa Tonga

Monthly or two-monthly papers, mostly church publications:

التقويم

The Tongan calendar was based on the phases of the moon and had 13 months. The main purpose of the calendar, for Tongans, was to determine the time for the planting and cultivation of yams (ufi), which were Tonga's most important staple food.

Traditional calendar[7][8][9]
Traditional Month Gregorian Calendar Significance
Lihamuʻa mid-November to early December Warm weather, trees flower
Lihamui mid-December to early January Trees bear fruit
Vaimuʻa mid-January to early February Start of rainy season
Vaimui mid-February to early March
Fakaafu Moʻui mid-March to early April Start of cyclone season (fakaʻafu lit. 'sweltering'), new ufi tubers develop
Fakaaafu Mate mid-April to early May End (mate) of cyclone season
Hilingakelekele mid-May to early June ufi harvest (حرفياً 'uncovering from dirt')
Hilingameaʻa mid-June to early July End (meaʻa lit. 'clean') of ufi harvest
ʻAoʻao, ʻAoʻaokimasisiva mid-July to early August
Fuʻufuʻunekinanga mid-August to early September
ʻUluenga mid-September to early October ufi tubers develop and withers leaves (حرفياً 'yellow head')
Tanumanga early October to late October "burying" of new shoots from ufi tubers
ʻOʻoamofanongo late October to early November Limited water and food stock
Day Tongan Term
Monday Mōnite
Tuesday Tūsite
Wednesday Pulelulu
Thursday Tuʻapulelulu
Friday Falaite
Saturday Tokonaki
Sunday Sāpate
Month Transliteration
January Sānuali
February Fēpueli
March Maʻasi
April ʻEpeleli
May Mē
June Sune
July Siulai
August ʻAokosi
September Sēpitema
October ʻOkatopa
November Nōvema
December Tisema

نص عينة

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tongan:

Ko e kotoa ‘o ha’a tangata ‘oku fanau’i mai ‘oku tau’ataina pea tatau ‘i he ngeia mo e ngaahi totonu. Na’e fakanaunau’i kinautolu ‘aki ‘a e ‘atamai mo e konisenisi pea ‘oku totonu ke nau feohi ‘i he laumalie ‘o e nofo fakatautehina.[10]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Glottal stop is represented as 'q' in reconstructed Proto-Polynesian words.
  2. ^ Archaic: the usual word in today's Tahitian is piti.

References

  1. ^ التونجية at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Tongan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
  3. ^ Akihisa Tsukamoto (1994). LIT Verlag Münster (ed.). Forschungen über die Sprachen der Inseln zwischen Tonga und Saamoa (in الألمانية). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 109. ISBN 3825820157.
  4. ^ "An account of the natives of the Tonga Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language". 1817.
  5. ^ Claughton, S. G. (1974). "James Egan Moulton (1841–1909)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 5. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  6. ^ Online Tongan edition of Liahona, churchofjesuschrist.org
  7. ^ Cocker, James; Cocker, Meliame. "Koe Ta'u Faka-Tonga". freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com (in التونغية). Archived from the original on October 27, 2011.
  8. ^ Savelio Pole, Finau. "Traditional Tongan Farming System: Past and Present" (PDF). IHCAP: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  9. ^ Havea, Jione (2021). Theologies from the Pacific. Springer Nature. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-3-030-74365-9.
  10. ^ Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement, Tonga. "KO E TOHI FAKAHAHA FAKA'UNIVEESI 'O E NGAAHI TOTONU 'A E TANGATA" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (in التونغية). Retrieved 12 March 2026.

Bibliography

  • Churchward, C. Maxwell (1999) [1953, London: Oxford University Press; 1985, Tonga: Vavaʼu Press]. Tongan Grammar. Tonga: Vavaʼu Press. ISBN 982-213-007-4.
  • Churchward, C.Maxwell (1999) [1959, London: Oxford University Press]. Tongan Dictionary: Tongan-English and English-Tongan. Tonga: Vavaʼu Press.
  • Feldman, Harry (1978). "Some Notes on Tongan Phonology". Oceanic Linguistics. 17 (2): 133–139. doi:10.2307/3622908. JSTOR 3622908.
  • Garellek, Marc; Tabain, Marija (2020). "Tongan". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 50 (3): 406–416. doi:10.1017/S0025100318000397, with supplementary sound recordings.
  • Tuʻinukuafe, Edgar (1993). A Simplified Dictionary of Modern Tongan. Polynesian Press. ISBN 978-0908597093.

External links

Wikipedia
Wikipedia
التونجية edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Phrasebook Tongan.
 هناك كتاب ، Tongan، في معرفة الكتب.


قالب:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

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