اقتصاد أخضر

بيئةEquitableSustainableBearable (Social ecology)قابل للتطبيق (اقتصاد بيئي)اقتصادياجتماعي
الركائز الثلاثة للاستدامة.

الاقتصاد الأخضر green economy هو نموذج اقتصاد أوتنمية اقتصادية يعتمد على التنمية المستخدمة ومعرفة الاقتصاد البيئة.

Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main sectors:[1]

The Global Citizens Center, led by Kevin Danaher, defines green economy in terms of a "triple bottom line," an economy concerned with being:[2]

(1) Environmentally sustainable, based on the belief that our biosphere is a closed system with finite resources and a limited capacity for self-regulation and self-renewal. We depend on the earth’s natural resources, and therefore we must create an economic system that respects the integrity of ecosystems and ensures the resilience of life supporting systems.
(2) Socially just, based on the belief that culture and human dignity are precious resources that, like our natural resources, require responsible stewardship to avoid their depletion. We must create a vibrant economic system that ensures all people have access to a decent standard of living and full opportunities for personal and social development.
(3) Locally rooted, based on the belief that an authentic connection to place is the essential pre-condition to sustainability and justice. The Green Economy is a global aggregate of individual communities meeting the needs of its citizens through the responsible, local production and exchange of goods and services.

In the midst of the global economic crisis, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for a global Green New Deal according to which governments were encouraged to support its economic transformation to a greener economy.[3]

Green economy includes green energy generation based on renewable energy to substitute for fossil fuels and energy conservation for efficient energy use. The green economy is considered being able to both create green jobs, ensure real, sustainable economic growth, and prevent environmental pollution, global warming, resource depletion, and environmental degradation.

Because the market failure related to environmental and climate protection as a result of external costs, high future commercial rates and associated high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of green energy sources and green products prevents firms from being voluntarily interested in reducing environment-unfriendly activities (Reinhardt, 1999; King and Lenox, 2002; Wagner, 203; Wagner, et al., 2005), the green economy is considered needing government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services. The German Renewable Energy Act, legislations of many other EU countries and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all provide such market incentives.

However, there are still incompatibilities between the UN global green new deal call and the existing international trade mechanism in terms of market incentives. For example, the WTO Subsidies Agreement has strict rules against government subsidies, especially for exported goods. Such incompatibilities may serve as obstacles to governments' responses to the UN Global green new deal call. WTO needs to update its subsidy rules to account for the needs of accelerating the transition to the green, low-carbon economy. Research is urgently needed to inform the governments and the international community how the governments should promote the green economy within their national borders without being engaged in trade wars in the name of the green economy and how they should cooperate in their promotional efforts at a coordinated international level.

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الهوامش

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  1. ^ http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/how-do-you-define-the-green-economy
  2. ^ http://www.globalcitizencenter.org/content/view/2/1/
  3. ^ United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP): "Global green new deal - environmentally-focused investment historic opportunity for 21st century prosperity and job generation." London/Nairobi, October 22, 2008.


انظر أيضا

المصادر

  • Kennet M.,and Heinemann V,(2006) Green Economics,Setting the Scene.in International Journal of Green Economics,Vol 1 issue 1/2 (2006)

Inderscience.Geneva *Kennet M., (2009) Emerging Pedogogy in an Emerging Discipline,Green Economics in Reardon J., (2009) Pluralist education, Routledge.

  • Kennet M., (2008) Introduction to Green Economics, in Harvard School Economics Review.
  • Common, M. and Stagl, S. 2005. Ecological Economics: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.) 1993. Valuing The Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: MIT Press.
  • Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1975. Energy and economic myths. Southern Economic Journal 41: 347-381.
  • King, Andrew; Lenox, Michael, 2002. ‘Does it really pay to be green?’ Journal of Industrial Ecology 5, 105-117.
  • Martinez-Alier, J. (1990) Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
  • Røpke, I. (2004) The early history of modern ecological economics. Ecological Economics 50(3-4): 293-314.
  • Røpke, I. (2005) Trends in the development of ecological economics from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Ecological Economics 55(2): 262-290.
  • Reinhardt, F. (1999) ‘Market failure and the environmental policies of firms: economic rationales for ‘beyond compliance’ behavior.’ Journal of Industrial Ecology 3(1), 9-21.
  • Spash, C. L. (1999) The development of environmental thinking in economics. Environmental Values 8(4): 413-435.
  • Vatn, A. (2005) Institutions and the Environment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
  • Krishnan R, Harris JM, Goodwin NR. (1995). A Survey of Ecological Economics. Island Press. ISBN 1559634111, 9781559634113.
  • Martinez-Alier, J., Ropke, I. eds., Recent Developments in Ecological Economics, 2 vols., E. Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2008.
  • United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), 2008a. ‘Global green new deal - environmentally-focused investment historic opportunity for 21st century prosperity and job generation.’ London/Nairobi, October 22.
  • Wagner, Ma. (2003) "Does it pay to be eco-efficient in the European energy supply industry?" Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 27(4), 309-318.
  • Wagner, M. et al. (2002) "The relationship between environmental and economic performance of firms: what does the theory propose and what does the empirical evidence tell us?" Greener Management International 34, 95-108.

وصلات خارجية

The Green Economics Institute-http://greeneconomics.org.uk/

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