أشولية

(تم التحويل من أشولينية)
Acheulean
A cordiform biface as commonly found in the Acheulean (replica)
النطاق الجغرافيAfrica, Europe, and Asia
الفترةLower Paleolithic
التواريخ1.76–0.13 Mya
الموقع النمطيSaint-Acheul (Amiens)
سبقهاOldowan
تلاهاMousterian, Clactonian, Micoquien

أشولية أو حضارة أشولية (Acheulean) هي مرحلة صناعية في عصر ماقبل التاريخ بمنطقة مدينة سانت آشول بشمال فرنسا. ويتميز هذا الموقع الأثري بكثافة الآثار من البلط الحجرية التي لها أيدي والآلات الحجرية المصقولة كالفؤوس المدببة والبيضاوية التي كان يستعملها الإنسان الأول . وبوفرة وأكثر مما وجد في مواقع أولدفاي بشرق أفريقيا . وأصبحت الأشولينية مصطلحا يطلقه علماء الآثار علي مواقع لصناعة البلط اليدوية المدببة والمفلطحة والمكاشط من الحجر المصقول لذبح الحيوانات وتجهيزها . ويرجع تاريخها لعصر ماقبل التاريخ في أفريقيا والشرق الأدني وأوربا وآسيا ويرجع تاريخها إلي 5,1 مليون سنة وحتي 200,000 سنة .و هذه المرحلة تطورية حبث تحول الإنسان المنتصب Homo erectus لإنسان عاقل Homo sapiens .ويطلق علي إنسان هذا العصر الإنسان الأشولي الذي عاش قرب الأنهار في أوروبا وأفريقيا وآسيا وظهرت مصنوعات خشبية ترجع للمرحلة الأشولية كالحراب التي عثر عليها شوننگن بألمانيا وكلاتون بإنجلترا . ويرجح العلماء أن الإنسان الأشوليني إستخدم النار منذ 300 ألف سنة عندما عثروا علي بقايا عظام وأحجار محروقة وفحم ورماد في عدة مواقع أشولينية كما في كهف المواقد Cave of Hearths بجنوب أفريقيا وزوكوديان بالصين وتـِرّا أماتا بفرنسا. لكن لاتوجد مواقد نيران تذكر بهذه الفترة .

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الأدوات الحجرية الأشولية

Acheulean hand-axes من كنت. The types shown are (clockwise from top) cordate, ficron and ovate.
A large and carefully crafted handaxe such as this may have served a social as well as functional purpose.


التوزيع

Acheulean Biface من سان أشول
Ganj Par, Lower Paleolithic stone tools


انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  • Pappu, Raghunath (2001). Acheulean Culture in Peninsular India: An Ecological Perspective. New Delhi: D K Printworld. ISBN 81-246-0168-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Adkins, L (1998). The Handbook of British Archaeology. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-478330-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Butler, C (2005). Prehistoric Flintwork. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 0-7524-3340-7 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting              0-7524-3340-7      end_of_the_skype_highlighting begin_of_the_skype_highlighting              0-7524-3340-7      end_of_the_skype_highlighting. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); no-break space character in |isbn= at position 46 (help)
  • Darvill, T (ed.) (2003). Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280005-1. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Milliken, S (2001). A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 1-84217-056-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Renfrew, C (1991). Archaeology, Theories Methods and Practice. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27605-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Scarre, C (ed.) (2005). The Human Past. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28531-4. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Wood, B (2005). Human Evolution A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280360-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
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  32. ^ Scarre, 2005, chapter 3 , p118 "However, objects whose artistic meaning is unequivocal become commonplace only after 50,000 years ago, when they are associated with the origins and spread of fully modern humans from Africa.
  33. ^ ...the most conservative conclusion today is that Acheulean people and their contemporaries definitely hunted big animals, though their success rate is not clear ibid, p 120.
  34. ^ De Lumley, 1975, Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745–808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005

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مصادر اضافية


وصلات خارجية