تيان‌جين

For other uses, see تيان‌جين (توضيح).

"Tientsin" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Tientsin (توضيح).

تيان‌جين 天津code: zh is deprecated Municipality بلدية تيان‌جين · 天津市 Clockwise from the top: Tianjin Eye, Tianjin Radio and Television Tower, Tianjin railway station, Tianjin Century Bell, Minyuan Stadium, St. Joseph Cathedral, Panorama of Binhai New Area Location of Tianjin Municipality within China الإحداثيات (Tianjin Century Clock Plaza): 39°08′01″N 117°12′19″E Country China Settled 340 BCح. 340 BC Municipal seat Hexi District Divisions  - County-level  - Township- level 16 districts 240 towns and townships الحكومة  • النوع Municipality  • الكيان Tianjin Municipal People's Congress  • CCP Secretary Chen Min'er  • Congress Chairman Yu Yunlin  • Mayor Zhang Gong  • CPPCC Chairman Wang Changsong المساحة  • Municipality 11٬946 كم² (4٬612 ميل²)  • البر 11٬609٫91 كم² (4٬482٫61 ميل²)  • الماء 186 كم² (72 ميل²)  • الحضر 11٬609٫91 كم² (4٬482٫61 ميل²)  • العمران 5٬609٫9 كم² (2٬166�0 ميل²) المنسوب 5 m (16 ft) أعلى منسوب (Jiushan Peak) 1٬078 m (3٬537 ft) التعداد  (2020 census)  • Municipality 13٬866٬009  • الكثافة 1٬200/km2 (3٬000/sq mi)  • Urban 13٬866٬009  • الكثافة الحضرية 1٬200/km2 (3٬100/sq mi)  • العمرانية 11٬165٬706  • الكثافة العمرانية 2٬000/km2 (5٬200/sq mi) صفة المواطن Tianjinese Tianjiner Postal code 300000 – 301900 مفتاح الهاتف 22 ISO 3166 code CN-TJ GDP (2021) CNY 1.570 trillion USD 244 billion (24th)  - per capita CNY 113240 USD 17754 (5th)  • growth ▲ 6.6% HDI (2019) 0.838 (3rd) – very high Vehicle registration 津Acode: zh is deprecated , B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M 津Ecode: zh is deprecated (taxis) Abbreviation TJ / 津؛ jīn� Climate Dwa/BSk رموز Flower China rose Tree Fraxinus velutina

تيان‌جين "Tiānjīn" in Chinese characters الصينية 天津code: zh is deprecated Hanyu Pinyin Tiānjīn البريد Tientsin المعنى الحرفي "Heaven's Ford" النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tiānjīn Bopomofo ㄊㄧㄢ   ㄐㄧㄣ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tianjin Wade–Giles Tʻien1-chin1 IPA [tʰján.tɕín] ( استمع) /tʰiɛn˨˩ tɕin˨˩/ (locally) Wu Romanization Thie平-tsin平 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Tìnjèun or Tīnjēun Jyutping Tin1zeon1 IPA قالب:IPAc-yue or قالب:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Thian-tin

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تيان‌جين ( Tianjin ؛ /tjɛnˈdʒɪn/; صينية: 天津؛ پن‌ين: Tiānjīn�; Mandarin: [tʰján.tɕín] ( استمع)), alternately romanized as Tientsin ( /ˈtjɛnˈtsɪn/), هي municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants during the 2020 Chinese census. Its built-up (or metro) area, made up of 12 central districts (all but Baodi, Jizhou, Jinghai and Ninghe), was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro) and 11th-most populous city proper.

It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of Chinese central government and is thus under direct administration of the State Council. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. Part of the Bohai Economic Rim, it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the Jing-Jin-Ji megapolis.

In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China. The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government. Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region. At that time, numerous European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, many of which are well-preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and 1976 Tangshan earthquake, but recovered from 1990s. Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port-city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume.

Nowadays, Tianjin is a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the old city) located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal; and Binhai, an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the old city, on the coast of the Bohai Gulf. As of the end of 2010, around 285 Fortune 500 companies have set up base in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's Yujiapu Financial District has become known as China's Manhattan and the city is considered one of the world's top 100 cities, including in the Global Financial Centres Index. Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

Tianjin is one of the top 20 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index, and home to multiple notable institutes of higher education in Northern China, including Tianjin University, Nankai University, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Medical University, Tiangong University, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin University of Technology, and Hebei University of Technology.

 الاسم

Tianjin is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters 天津code: zh is deprecated , which means "Heavenly Ford" or "Ford of Heaven".

The origin of the name is obscure. One folk etymology is that it was an homage to the patriotic Chu poet Qu Yuan, whose "Li Sao" includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." (朝發軔於天津兮code: zh is deprecated , zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī). Another is that it honors a former name of the Girl, a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui. A third is that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin. The most common is that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming, who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor.

Prior to the introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization. The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958 after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets adopted the pinyin name beginning in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan continues to use the postal and Wade-Giles spelling after the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.

 التاريخ

 التاريخ المبكر

The land where Tianjin is located today was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by sedimentation of various rivers entering the sea at Bohai Gulf, including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in this area at one point. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin as the canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin begins to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gains importance during the Yuan dynasty. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a prime location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty. It became a center of commerce and prosperity by the 17th century.

 أسرة تشينگ

During the Qing dynasty (1644 – 1911) Tianjin Prefecture or Zhou (州code: zh is deprecated ) was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later it was upgraded to an urban prefecture or Fu (府code: zh is deprecated ) before becoming a relay station (駐地code: zh is deprecated ) under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili.

خريطة 1913 لتيان‌جين

 الانفتاح كميناء معاهدة

انظر أيضاً: الامتيازات في تيان‌جين

In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow, a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong flying the British flag and suspected of piracy, smuggling, and of being engaged in the opium trade. They captured 12 men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture the Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the Treaty of Tientsin was signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860, and Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France, and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and Russia, and even by countries without Chinese concessions such as Austria-Hungary, Italy and Belgium, in establishing self-contained concessions in Tianjin, each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals. These nations left many architectural reminders of their rule, notably churches and thousands of villas.

كنيسة سيدة الانتصارات، المبنية في 1869، كانت مسرح مذبحة كنيسة تيان‌جين.

The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one of the most serious violent incidents to date was the Tianjin Church Massacre. In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (Church Our Lady's Victories), in Tianjin, built by French Roman Catholic missionaries, was accused of the kidnapping and brainwashing of Chinese children. On June 21, the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a showdown at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The furious protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate and killed eighteen foreigners including ten French nuns, the French consul himself, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.

In 1885 Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy (天津武備學堂�) for Chinese army officers with German advisors, as part of his military reforms. The move was supported by Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan.^:267 The academy was to serve Anhui Army and Green Standard Army officers. Various practical military, mathematic and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German officers.^:267 Another program was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new army officers.^:268 Mathematics, practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese Classics and history were taught at the school. Exams were administered to students. The instruction for Tianjin Military Academy was copied at the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.^:268 The 'maritime defense fund' supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy.^:268 The Tianjin Military Academy in 1886 adopted as part of its curriculum the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui. Among its staff was Yinchang.

Peiyang University, established 1895

In June 1900, the Boxers were able to seize control of much of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang, and were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.

Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road, built in 1930

In July 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russian, British, Japanese, German, French, American, Austro-Hungarian, and Italian). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902 when the city was returned to Qing control. Eminent Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.

Major crossing (Rue Général Foch and Rue de Chaylard) of downtown Tianjin in French concession

Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained under strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During World War I, the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured and held as Prisoners of War by Allied Forces while the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison in 1918. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment, less one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.

Because of the rapid development of industry, commerce and finance, Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei, after which it was reestablished as an independent municipality.

Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General George C. Marshall, the "architect of victory" in World War II when he was the United States Army Chief of Staff, served at Tianjin in the 1920s as Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew this unit in 1938 and a US presence was maintained only by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.

شارع أساهي (الآن طريق هى‌پينگ) في فيضان تيان‌جين 1939

 الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية

On July 30, 1937, Tianjin fell to Japan, as part of the الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese for the most part respected foreign concessions until 1941, when the American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, there occurred a major crisis in Anglo-Japanese relations with the Tientsin Incident. On June 14, 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator, and had taken refuge in the British concession. For a time, the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press. The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the current crisis in Europe it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the North China Executive Committee, a puppet state based in Beijing.

On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941 the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before this could be accomplished, the Japanese attacked the United States. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to Vichy) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession following a battle with its garrison, and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded it to Wang Jingwei's Japan-controlled puppet state. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.

 بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

P.R.China's 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959

In the Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949.

From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the "Great Leap Forward" and Tianjin's good industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province and Hebei Province was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a large number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, adversely affecting Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to "preparation, preparation for disasters", and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated the provincial capital to Baoding, and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so far. In April 1970, in the event that the Central Government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project on the basis of the name of the channel, and build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.

Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and Tianjin Eye

On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake, Tianjin was affected by the shock waves and suffered major loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River and is used to supply water for Beijing, however the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty in the use of water in Tianjin. In the same year, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water use in Tianjin and attract talented individuals to the city's academic centers.

Monument of TEDA

In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone's economy began to develop rapidly, However, the overall development speed of Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its strategic industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area with the Tianjin Port as the core. In October 2005, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee was convened. The meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening up of the Binhai New Area into the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an "ecological city". Since then, the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the "State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area" was announced and clearly stated: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area.

In August 2008, China's first high-speed railway, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour was opened. In August 2008 Tianjin was the co-host city of the 29th Olympic Games. In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum (also called Summer Davos) began to be established in Tianjin and is held every two years. In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin. In 2012, the Tianjin Metro Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.

In October 2013, Tianjin hosted the East Asian Games, which was the first time Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy. Tianjin was positioned as "National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area". In the same year, the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, and the water availability in Tianjin improved. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was formally established. On April 27, Jincheng Bank, the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.

 انفجار تيان‌جين 2015

On August 12, 2015, a major fire and explosion accident occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port, causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses. The first two explosions occurred within 30 seconds of each other at the facility, which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China. The second explosion was far larger and involved the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate (approx. 256 tonnes TNT equivalent). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrolled throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on 15 August. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated at $9 billion, making it the third most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.

پانوراما نهر هاي

 الجغرافيا

صورة ساتلية من 2010 تبين قلب منطقة مدينة تيان‌جين.

خريطة حوض نهر هاي.

تقع تيان-تسين على بعد 120 كم جنوب شرقي بكين، وبالقرب من التقاء خمسة مجار مائية أهمها نهر تزيا Tzeya وين دين Yongding مؤلفة أضخم شريان مائي في القسم الشرقي من الإقليم، وهو نهر هاي-هو Hai-Ho، الذي يصلها بخليج بوهاي Po-Hai على بعد 45 كم، وبذلك تستطيع السفن البحرية ذات حمولة 3 آلاف طن الوصول إلى ميناء تيان-تسين النهري، وخاصة في موسم المد الأعظم، أما سفن المحيط فميناؤها البحري الرئيسي هو سينكانغ Sin Kang، الذي يقع على مصب نهر هاي في خليج بوهاي، ويعد نافذة المدينة التجارية على البحر الأصفر، إذ يدخل سنوياً إلى أرصفته نحو 1600 باخرة تجارية من بلاد العالم المختلفة.

الكثافة السكانية والمناطق الساحلية منخفضة الارتفاع في منطقة تيان‌جين. تيان‌جين مهددة بشكل خاص من ارتفاع منسوب البحر.

Tianjin (labeled as T'IEN-CHIN (TIENTSIN) 天津) (1955)

خريطة حوض نهر هاي

ونتيجة لموقع المدينة في السهل الصيني الشمالي المزدحم بالسكان (أكثر من 250ن/كم²) فالزراعة في محيطها متنوعة المحاصيل (القطن والقمح والسمسم والأشجار المثمرة والتبغ وفول الصويا)، ويعود ذلك إلى غزارة أمطارها الصيفية (250-750مم/سنوياً) وامتداد قناة الصين العظمى في أراضيها حيث ترويها، وهذه القناة تعد شريان اتصال اقتصادي وحضاري بين مقاطعات الصين الشرقية. ومما ساعد على تطوير الزراعة أيضاً، بناء قناة تصريف جنوب المدينة على نهر هاي، لتخفيف حدة فيضانه الصيفي، وإقامة سد تخزيني كوان تيان Kouan-ting في مجراه الأعلى.

صورة ساتلية في 2011 لتيان‌جين. وسط المدينة كان إلى اليسار، بينما المنطقة الحضرية الأصغر إلى اليمين كانت بين‌هاي، المنطقة الجديدة.

نهر هاي في 2011

Tianjin is located along the west coast of the Bohai Gulf, looking out to the provinces Shandong and Liaoning across those waters, bordered by Beijing 120 kilometers (75 mi) to the northwest, and is surrounded on all sides by Hebei, with the exception of its eastern border, the Bohai Sea. With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N, and longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area is 11,860.63 square kilometers (4,579.41 sq mi). There is 153 km (95 mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80 mi) of land border. It lies at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China, which connects with the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the Yan Mountains intrude into northern Tianjin. Extensive tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city. The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak (九顶山code: zh is deprecated ) in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of 1,078.5 m (3,538 ft).

The Hai River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River (子牙河code: zh is deprecated ), Daqing River (大清河code: zh is deprecated ), Yongding River, North Grand Canal, and South Grand Canal, and enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality, as well in Tanggu District. Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in Dagang District) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north in Ji County.

 المناخ

Tianjin has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk bordering on Dwa). It has a four-season, monsoon-influenced climate, typical of East Asia, with cold, windy, very dry winters reflecting the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone, and hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon. Spring in the city is dry and windy, occasionally seeing sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert, capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) in January to 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 61% in March and April, the city receives 2,460 hours of bright sunshine annually. Having a low annual total precipitation of 521 millimeters (20.5 in), and nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the semi-arid zone, with parts of the municipality being humid continental (Köppen BSk/Dwa, respectively).

Extreme temperatures have ranged from −22.9 °C (−9 °F) to 40.5 °C (105 °F).

بيانات مناخ Tianjin (Dongli District) (1991–2020 normals)
الشهر	يناير	فبراير	مارس	أبريل	مايو	يونيو	يوليو	أغسطس	سبتمبر	اكتوبر	نوفمبر	ديسمبر	العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف)	14.3 (57.7)	20.8 (69.4)	30.5 (86.9)	33.1 (91.6)	40.5 (104.9)	40.6 (105.1)	40.5 (104.9)	37.4 (99.3)	34.9 (94.8)	30.8 (87.4)	23.1 (73.6)	14.4 (57.9)	40٫6 (105٫1)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف)	2.1 (35.8)	5.8 (42.4)	12.8 (55)	20.8 (69.4)	26.8 (80.2)	30.2 (86.4)	31.6 (88.9)	30.7 (87.3)	26.9 (80.4)	19.8 (67.6)	10.7 (51.3)	3.7 (38.7)	18٫49 (65٫29)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف)	−2.8 (27)	0.4 (32.7)	7.0 (44.6)	14.8 (58.6)	21.0 (69.8)	25.0 (77)	27.2 (81)	26.3 (79.3)	21.7 (71.1)	14.3 (57.7)	5.7 (42.3)	−0.9 (30.4)	13٫31 (55٫96)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف)	−6.5 (20.3)	−3.7 (25.3)	2.4 (36.3)	9.6 (49.3)	15.8 (60.4)	20.6 (69.1)	23.6 (74.5)	22.7 (72.9)	17.4 (63.3)	9.9 (49.8)	1.8 (35.2)	-4.3 (24.3)	9٫11 (48٫4)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف)	−18.1 (-0.6)	−22.9 (-9.2)	−17.7 (0.1)	−2.8 (27)	4.5 (40.1)	10.1 (50.2)	16.2 (61.2)	13.7 (56.7)	6.2 (43.2)	−2.2 (28)	−11.4 (11.5)	−16.2 (2.8)	−22٫9 (−9٫2)
هطول mm (inches)	2.6 (0.102)	6.0 (0.236)	6.1 (0.24)	22.8 (0.898)	37.7 (1.484)	78.0 (3.071)	141.2 (5.559)	122.3 (4.815)	54.8 (2.157)	32.8 (1.291)	13.5 (0.531)	3.1 (0.122)	520٫9 (20٫508)
% Humidity	54	54	49	48	53	64	73	75	67	62	60	56	59٫6
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	1.3	2.3	2.5	4.5	6.2	9.0	11.1	9.8	6.4	4.8	3.0	2.0	62٫9
Sunshine hours	167.6	175.9	227.7	243.8	267.8	233.9	202.2	203.3	212.3	199.8	165.2	160.9	2٬460٫4
Source: China Meteorological Administration

See or edit raw graph data.

 Measures to improve air quality

In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several restrictions on days of severe pollution; halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities.

Flights have also been grounded and highways closed.

Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste".

 التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة التقسيمات الإدارية في تيان‌جين and List of township-level divisions of Tianjin

Tianjin is divided into 16 county-level divisions, which are all المديريات.

التقسيمات الإدارية لتيان‌جين
Heping خى‌شي Hebei Nankai Hedong Hongqiao Jizhou باودي Ninghe بين‌هاي Dongli Jinnan Xiqing Beichen Wuqing Jinghai
Division code	التقسيم	Area in km2	Total population 2010	Urban area population 2010	المقر	الرمز البريدي	Subdivisions
							Subdistricts	البلدات	Townships	Ethnic townships	Residential communities	القرى
120000	تيان‌جين	11,760.00	12,938,693	10,277,893	Hexi	300000	112	118	10	1	1723	3762
120101	Heping	9.97	273,477		Xiaobailou Subdistrict	300041	6				63
120102	Hedong	15.06	860,852		Dawangzhuang Subdistrict	300171	13				158
120103	خى‌شي	41.24	870,632		Dayingmen Subdistrict	300202	13				171
120104	Nankai	40.64	1,018,196		Changhong Subdistrict	300110	12				180
120105	Hebei	29.14	788,451		Wanghailou Subdistrict	300143	10				109
120106	Hongqiao	21.30	531,526		Xiyuzhuang Subdistrict	300131	10				196
120110	Dongli	460.00	598,966	591,040	Zhangguizhuang Subdistrict	300300	9				90	102
120111	Xiqing	545.00	713,060	524,894	Yangliuqing town	300380	2	7			106	151
120112	Jinnan	401.00	593,063	590,072	Xianshuigu town	300350		8			68	165
120113	Beichen	478.00	669,121	575,103	Guoyuanxincun Subdistrict	300400	5	9			115	126
120114	Wuqing	1,570.00	951,078	352,659	Yunhexi Subdistrict	301700	6	24			64	695
120115	باودي	1,523.00	799,157	271,992	Baoping Subdistrict	301800	6	16			37	765
120116	بين‌هاي	2,270.00	2,423,204	2,313,361	Xingang Subdistrict	300451	19	7			254	144
120117	Ninghe	1,414.00	416,143	152,388	Lutai town	301500		11	3		34	282
120118	Jinghai	1,476.00	646,978	293,014	Jinghai town	301600		16	2		46	383
120119	Jizhou	1,590.00	784,789	270,236	Wenchang Subdistrict	301900	1	20	5	1	32	949

Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
العربية	الصينية	پن‌ين
بلدية تيان‌جين	天津市code: zh is deprecated	Tiānjīn Shì
Heping District	和平区code: zh is deprecated	Hépíng Qū
Hedong District	河东区code: zh is deprecated	Hédōng Qū
Hexi District	河西区code: zh is deprecated	Héxī Qū
Nankai District	南开区code: zh is deprecated	Nánkāi Qū
Hebei District	河北区code: zh is deprecated	Héběi Qū
Hongqiao District	红桥区code: zh is deprecated	Hōngqiáo Qū
Dongli District	东丽区code: zh is deprecated	Dōnglì Qū
Xiqing District	西青区code: zh is deprecated	Xīqīng Qū
Jinnan District	津南区code: zh is deprecated	Jīnnán Qū
Beichen District	北辰区code: zh is deprecated	Běichén Qū
Wuqing District	武清区code: zh is deprecated	Wǔqīng Qū
مديرية باودي	宝坻区code: zh is deprecated	Bǎodǐ Qū
بين‌هاي الجديدة	滨海新区code: zh is deprecated	Bīnhǎi Xīnqū
Ninghe District	宁河区code: zh is deprecated	Nínghé Qū
Jinghai District	静海区code: zh is deprecated	Jìnghǎi Qū
Jizhou District	蓟州区code: zh is deprecated	Jìzhōu Qū

In addition, the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin is 15.57 million.[1]

Airport Industrial Park, Dongli District

These districts and counties are further subdivided, اعتبارا من 31 ديسمبر 2004 (2004-12-31), into 240 تقسيمات بمستوى البلدية، including 120 towns, 18 townships, 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts.

 السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: سياسة تيان‌جين and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions في بر الصين الرئيسي.

عمدة تيان‌جين is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially termed the "Tianjin CCP Party chief".

 الديمغرافيا

Tianjin Railway Station

غالبية سكان تيان‌جين هم من صينيي الهان. الأقليات تضم الهوي المسلمين، الكوريين، مانشو ومنغول.

A drum tower of the Tianjin Castle

الجماعات العرقية في تيان‌جين، في تعداد 2000
الجماعات العرقية	التعداد	النسبة
هان	9,581,775	97.29%
هوي	172,357	1.75%
مانچو	56,548	0.57%
المنغول	11,331	0.12%
كوريون	11,041	0.11%
ژوانگ	4055	0.041%
توجيا	3677	0.037%

لا تتضمن أعضاء جيش التحرير الشعبي المنضوين في الخدمة.
المصدر: قسم السكان والإحصائيات الاجتماعية والعلوم والتكنولوجيا في المكتب الوطني الصيني للإحصاء (國家統計局人口和社會科技統計司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (國家民族事務委員會經濟發展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中國民族人口資料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN )

 الاقتصاد

الوزير الأول ون جياباو وكلاوس شواب في المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي في تيان‌جين.

وتتميز المدينة بوظيفتها الصناعية، ويرجع ذلك إلى موقعها الجغرافي الذي يربط المنتجات الزراعية الداخلية بالسلع الأجنبية المستوردة، وإلى غنى ظهيرها الجغرافي بالمقومات الضرورية لتطوير صناعتها، ففي مقاطعة هوبي يتركز ثالث حوض نفطي في البلاد (حوض داكان)، وتحتوي أراضي المدينة على فلزات الحديد عالية الجودة، كما تستثمر مادة الملح البحري في منطقة شانغ-لو Tcháng-Lou، التي تقدم نحو ربع إنتاج البلاد. لذلك اشتهرت مدينة تيان-تسين منذ عام 1900، ولعدة عقود بالصناعات الخفيفة (الكبريت، والدراجات، والنسيج الصوفي والقطني، وصناعة التبغ والكيمياويات البسيطة)، ثم تطورت فيها سريعاً بعد عام 1949 الصناعات البترولية والثقيلة (التعدين والفولاذ، والآلات ومعدات توليد الكهرباء والتنقيب عن النفط ومحركات الديزل وعربات النقل) وصناعة الأجهزة الإلكترونية والسفن، وتتماثل مع مدينتي تاكو Ta-Ku وهانغو Hangu التابعتين لها إدارياً، بالصناعة الغذائية والكيمياوية. وبهذا تعد تيان-تسين المدينة الصناعية الثانية في البلاد بعد مدينة شنغهاي.

ومما ساعد على تطوير تيان-تسين أنها مركز مهم لشبكة مواصلات ضخمة تربط شمالي البلاد بالولايات الجنوبية، ومن أهمها: طريق تيان تسين-شنغهاي البري، خط تيان-تسين-نانكين Nanking (مقاطعة كيانغ سي) الحديدي، ميناء تيان-تسين الجوي، الطريق الملاحي النهري عبر قناة الري الكبرى، وأنابيب النفط التي تصل إلى السواحل الجنوبية من البلاد.

من بين أهم الصناعات المتواجدة في المدينة: الحديد والصلب، الآلات والكيماويات والطاقة الكهربائية والغزل والنسيج ومواد البناء وصناعة الورق والأطعمة. تطورت فيها مؤخرا صناعة السفن والسيارات واستخراج النفط ومعالجته وصناعة الجرارات والأسمدة الكيماوية والمبيدات الزراعية وساعات اليد والتلفزيونات وآلات التصوير وغيرها.

 السياحة

معبد مازو في تيان‌جين

Gulou Shopping Street and Drum Tower

Entrance to Ancient Culture Street

مشاهد ومعالم داخل منطقة تيان‌جين الحضرية:

• Luzutang (متحف تمرد الملاكمين)
• Guwan Shichang 古玩市场 (Antique Market)
• Guwenhua Jie 古文化街 (Ancient Culture Street)
• ون مياو 文庙 (معبد كونفوشيوس)
• Tianjin Radio and Television Tower 天津电视塔
• Tianjin Water Park 天津水上公园
• Tianjin Zoo 天津动物园
• Tianjin Museum 天津博物馆
• Hai River Park 海河公园
• Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, also known as "The Water Drop" 天津奥体中心(水滴)
• Wu Da Dao 五大道 (Five Main Avenues)
• Italian District 意式风情区
• Shijia Dayuan 杨柳青：石家大院 (Shi Family Residence)
• Dabeiyuan 大悲禅院 (Temple of Great Compassion, Zen Buddhism Temple)
• Tianhou Palace 天后宫 (Mazu Temple in Tianjin, the biggest one in the entire Northern China region)
• Wanghailou Church 望海楼教堂
• Xikai Catholic Cathedral 西开天主教堂
• Memorial to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao 周恩来邓颖超纪念馆
• Lishunde Grand Hotel 利顺德大酒店
• The Century Clock of Tianjin 天津世纪钟 (Tianjin Shijizhong)

مشاهد ومعالم خارج منطقة تيان‌جين الحضرية، ولكن ضمن البلدية:

• Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev Theme Park 前苏联航空母舰主题公园
• Taku Forts 大沽口炮台 (Cannon battlement Platform in Qing Dynasty)
• Huangyaguan Great Wall 黄崖关长城 (A famous fort on the Great Wall)
• Mount Panshan 盘山

 معرض صور المدينة

• 

  Haihe River Park
  （海河公园）

• 

  Old Guanyinhao Bank
  （官银号）
  

• 

  Haihe River
  （海河）

• 

  Airport Industrial Park
  （空港物流加工区）

• 

  Tianjin Olympic Stadium "The Water Drop"
  （水滴）
  

• 

  Dongli District
  （东丽）

• 

  Wu Da Dao "Five Main Avenues"
  （五大道）

• 

  Italian District
  （意式风情区）

 المدن الشقيقة

المدينة	البلد	مدينة شقيقة منذ:
كوبه	اليابان	24 يونيو 1973
فتش‌برگ	الولايات المتحدة
فيلادلفيا	الولايات المتحدة	10 فبراير 1980
دلاس	الولايات المتحدة
گرين‌ڤل	الولايات المتحدة
ريشون لتصيون	إسرائيل
ملبورن	أستراليا	5 مايو 1980
يوكائيتشي	اليابان	28 اكتوبر 1980
سراييڤو	البوسنة والهرسك	28 مايو 1981
أراضي كاليه الشمالية	فرنسا	10 اكتوبر, 1984
ميلانو	إيطاليا	9 مايو 1985
خروننگن	هولندا	12 سبتمبر 1985
شيبا	اليابان	7 مايو 1986
كوتايسي	جورجيا
محافظة پلوڤديڤ	بلغاريا	15 اكتوبر 1989
أزمير	تركيا	23 سبتمبر 1991
أبيدجان	كوت ديڤوار	26 سبتمبر 1992
Ulan Bator	منغوريا	27 سبتمبر 1992
خاركيڤ	اوكرانيا	14 يونيو 1993
يون‌كوپنگ	السويد	23 سبتمبر 1993
إنچن	كوريا الجنوبية	7 ديسمبر 1993
ووچ	پولندا	1 أكتوبر 1994
ريو دي جانيرو	البرازيل	18 أبريل 1995
ولاية أمازوناس	البرازيل	20 أكتوبر 1997
هايفونگ	ڤيتنام	8 يناير 1999
تركو	فنلندا	17 أغسطس 2000
كلارنس	الولايات المتحدة	10 نوفمبر 2001
تسالونيكي	اليونان	4 مارس 2002
نامپو	كوريا الشمالية	11 أغسطس 2002
ولاية هاوائي	الولايات المتحدة	1 نوفمبر 2002
شرق جاوة	إندونيسيا	October 27, 2003
شيكاغو	الولايات المتحدة	2008
پنوم پنه	كمبوديا	17 نوفمبر 2008
پيونگ‌يانگ	كوريا الشمالية	12 مايو 2009
بوسان	كوريا الجنوبية	2009
سول	كوريا الجنوبية	2009
ولنگتون	نيوزيلندا	22 يوليو 2011

 انظر أيضا

• 天津 ("Heaven's port") is also the name of an asterism in the Chinese constellation of Girl Mansion (女宿)
• Gao Lingwen, founder of Tianjin's first public school
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• American, British, French, Italian, Belgian, Russian and Japanese Concessions in Tianjin

 قراءات إضافية

• Ruth Rogaski. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. University of California Press, 2004.

بيانات اقتصادية

• Economic profile for Tianjin at HKTDC

 وصلات خارجية

• الموقع الرسمي لحكومة تيان جين
• Official Tianjing Media Gateway
• Tianjin Taoist Association
• Tianjin Travel Blog
• تيان‌جين travel guide from Wikitravel

• Media related to Tianjin at Wikimedia Commons
•  "Tientsin". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.