پولنديون

(تم التحويل من بولنديون)
Poles
Polacy
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عالم الرياضيات البولندى ستيفان بناخ.jpg
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المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Flag of پولندا پولندا   36,522,000[1]
Polish diaspora
   الولايات المتحدة
(500,000 Poles and 8,500,000 of Polish ancestry)		9,000,000[2]
  Flag of Germany.svg ألمانيا1,500,000 – 2,000,000[3][4]
  Flag of Brazil.svg البرازيل 1,800,000[5]
   إسرائيل1,250,000[6]
  Flag of Canada.svg كندا1,010,705[7]
  Flag of France.svg فرنسا1,000,000[8]
  Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة630,000[9][10]
  Flag of Argentina.svg الأرجنتين500,000[11]
  Flag of Belarus.svg بلاروس294,549[12]
  Flag of Lithuania.svg لتوانيا212,800[13]
  Flag of Australia.svg أستراليا216,056[14]
  Flag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا144,130[15]
  Flag of Ireland.svg أيرلندا122,585[16]
  Flag of Norway.svg نرويج120,000[17]
  Flag of Italy.svg إيطاليا109,018[18]
  Flag of Sweden.svg السويد 75,323[19]
  Flag of Russia.svg روسيا73,000[20]
  Flag of the Czech Republic.svg التشيك51,968[21]
  Flag of Latvia.svg لاتفيا44,783[22]
  Flag of the Netherlands.svg هولندا39,500[23]
  كازاخستان كازاخستان34,057[24]
  Flag of Denmark.svg دانمارك31,720[25]
  Flag of South Africa.gif جنوب أفريقيا30,000[26]
  Flag of Austria.svg نمسا21,000[27]
  Flag of Iceland.svg آيسلندا10,540[28]
  Flag of Venezuela.svg ڤنزويلا9,000[29]
  Flag of Peru (state).svg پيرو7,000[30]
  Flag of Hungary.svg المجر5,730[31]
   مولدوڤا4,174[32]
  Flag of Romania.svg رومانيا3,671[33]
  Flag of Slovakia.svg سلوفاكيا3,084[34]
  Flag of Finland.svg فنلندا3,000[35]
  Flag of Estonia.svg إستونيا2,200[36]
  كولومبيا كولومبيا1,500[37]
  Flag of Turkey.svg تركيا1,000[38]
   أرمنيا300[38]
Rest of world1,200 (est.)[39]
اللغات
Polish • Kashubian • Silesian
الدين
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Significant minorities of Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism (especially Lutheranism), Judaism and Non-Religious minorities
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Other Slavs (particularly West Slavs), Balts

الپولنديون (پولندية: Polacy, pronounced [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]؛ المفرد المذكر: Polak، المفرد المؤنث: Polka) هم من يسكنون بولندا أو ينحدرون من أحد سكان بولندا، وهم مجموعة عرقية تنتمي إلى السلاف الغربيين، who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe. The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. ينتمي أغلبهم إلى الكاثوليكية.[40]

The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census),[1] of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone.[41][42][43] A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (the Polonia) exists throughout Europe, the Americas, and in Australasia. Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the Warsaw and Silesian metropolitan areas.

Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient Lechites and other tribes that inhabited the Polish territories during the late antiquity period. Poland's recorded history dates back over a thousand years to ح. 930–960 AD, when the Western Polans – an influential tribe in the Greater Poland region – united various Lechitic clans under what became the Piast dynasty,[44] thus creating the first Polish state. The subsequent Christianization of Poland by the Catholic Church, in 966 CE, marked Poland's advent to the community of Western Christendom. However, throughout its existence, the Polish state followed a tolerant policy towards minorities resulting in numerous ethnic and religious identities of the Poles, such as Polish Jews.

Poles have made important contributions to the world in every major field of human endeavor, among them Copernicus, Marie Curie, Joseph Conrad, Frédéric Chopin and Pope John Paul II. Notable Polish émigrés – many of them forced from their homeland by historic vicissitudes – have included physicist Joseph Rotblat, mathematician Stanisław Ulam, pianist Arthur Rubinstein, actresses Helena Modjeska and Pola Negri, military leaders Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski, U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, politician Rosa Luxemburg, painter Tamara de Lempicka, filmmakers Samuel Goldwyn and the Warner Brothers, cartoonist Max Fleischer, and cosmeticians Helena Rubinstein and Max Factor.

The map depicts countries by number of citizens who reported Polish ancestry (based on sources in this article)
  Poland
  More than 1 million
  More than 500 thousand
  More than 100 thousand


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الأسماء والمسميات الأجنبية

انظر أيضاً: اسم پولندا and Lechites

The Polish endonym Polacy is derived from the Western Polans, a Lechitic tribe which inhabited lands around the River Warta in Greater Poland region from the mid-6th century onward.[45] The tribe's name stems from the Proto-Indo European *pleh₂-, which means flat or flatland and corresponds to the topography of a region that the Western Polans initially settled.[46][47] The prefix pol- is used in most world languages when referring to Poles (Spanish polaco, Italian polacche, French polonais, German Pole).

Among other foreign exonyms for the Polish people are Lithuanian Lenkai; Hungarian Lengyelek; Turkish Leh; بالأرمينية: Լեհաստան Lehastan; and فارسية: لهستان (Lahestān). These stem from Lechia, the ancient name for Poland, or from the tribal Lendians. Their names are equally derived from the Old Polish term lęda, meaning plain or field.[48]


الأصول

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ پولندا and پولندا
Fragment of Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (1073) by Adam of Bremen, containing the name "Polans": "trans Oddaram sunt Polanos"

The territory of present-day Poland has been settled by various peoples and ethnic groups for centuries before the Polish state emerged in 966 AD. In late antiquity, these groups comprised Celtic, Scythian, Germanic, Sarmatian, Slavic and Baltic tribes.[49] During the Migration Period, the eastern parts of Magna Germania (today Poland) were becoming increasingly settled by the early Slavs (500–700 AD).[50] They organized into tribal units, of which the larger ones further west were later known as the Polish tribes (Lechites); the names of many tribes are found on the list compiled by the anonymous Bavarian Geographer in the 9th century.[51] However, there is strong evidence that Poles are the descendants of other ethnic groups which inhabited the Central European Plain long before the migration began and assimilated with time.[52] In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upper Vistula (the Vistulans within the Great Moravian Empire sphere),[51] the Baltic Sea coast and in Greater Poland. The last tribal undertaking in the 10th century resulted in a lasting political structure and state.[53]

Throughout the centuries, Poland and its monarchs pursued a tolerant policy towards religious and ethnic minorities, which enhanced migration from other regions of Europe.[54] As the country expanded, so did its demographic composition – following the 1569 Union of Lublin, Poland joined neighbouring Lithuania in forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries on the continent at the time.[55] Thus, Lithuania's more multicultural society fell under Polish influence and societal integration between the two strengthened. No official statistics or records can precisely manifest the extent of the diversity – it is believed that among the largest groups were Poles, Lithuanians, Germans, Ruthenians (chiefly Ukrainians) and Jews. The Commonwealth also hosted refugees fleeing from persecution, or foreign traders and merchants including Czechs, Hungarians, Livonians, Romanis, Vlachs, Armenians, Italians, Scots and the Dutch.[56]

اللغة

كتاب هنريكوف: أقدم جملة معروفة مكتوبة بـالپولندية القديمة (مظللة بالأحمر)
المقالة الرئيسية: اللغة الپولندية

The Polish language (پولندية: język polski) is a West Slavic language and the official language of Poland. Its written form uses the Polish alphabet, which is the Latin alphabet with the addition of a few diacritic marks.

الثقافة

Stańczyk at a Ball at Queen Bona's Court, by Matejko، 1862
المقالة الرئيسية: ثقافة پولندا


العلوم والتكنولوجيا

Marie Skłodowska Curie
Nicolaus Copernicus
Rudolf Stefan Weigl
Edward Flatau

Education has been of prime interest to Poland since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Kraków dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature.


الموسيقى

Stanisław Moniuszko
المقالة الرئيسية: Music of Poland


الموسيقى التقليدية

Oskar Kolberg
Frédéric Chopin


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الأدب

المقالة الرئيسية: الأدب الپولندي

العصور الوسطى

Jan Długosz

النهضة

Jan Kochanowski

الباروك

 

التنوير

Ignacy Krasicki

الرومانسية

Adam Mickiewicz
Zygmunt Krasiński


 

الإيجابية

Bolesław Prus


الدين

Reception of Jews by Casimir III the Great
المقالة الرئيسية: Religion in Poland

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Central Statistical Office (2013). "The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011" (PDF) (in البولندية). p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "stat" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ USA National Census 2010. Ancestries With 100,000 or More People in 2010. p. 5
  3. ^ (بالألمانية) Erstmals mehr als 16 Millionen Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland (German text about migrants in Germany)
  4. ^ (Polish) Raport o sytuacji Polonii i Polaków za granicą 2009. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych 2009. p. 177, ISBN 978-83-89607-81-2
  5. ^ Polonia w liczbach Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska
  6. ^ Article on Ynet news site, Hebrew (Google translator).
  7. ^ "Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey".
  8. ^ Polish minority in France
  9. ^ "Polish diaspora in numbers" (in البولندية). association "Polish Community". Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  10. ^ British Office for National Statistics, Population by Country of Birth & Nationality, Jan 2009 to Dec 2009 with imigrants for 2012
    ^ (إنگليزية) Please note: The British Office for National Statistics recorded the number of Poles who have travelled to the UK in 2006 at over 2,000,000; they are not to be mistaken for permanent residents.
  11. ^ http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/27/t-749506.htm
  12. ^ Belarus National Census 2009 (preliminary results)(in rus.)
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ 2006 Census Community Profile Series : Australia
  15. ^ Ukrainian Census 2001
  16. ^ Census 2011 Results
  17. ^ Aftenposten.no: - 120.000 polakker i Norge (Innenriks)
  18. ^ Istat.it
  19. ^ "Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2012". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013. (Swedish)
  20. ^ Polish minority in Russia, WorldNews.com
  21. ^ Czech Republic National Census 2001 (PDF)
  22. ^ [2]
  23. ^ http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CCD504EA-9D41-40C2-AE28-BFB0A51C2045/0/2005k3b15p096art.pdf
  24. ^ Kazakhstan National Census 2009
  25. ^ "Statistics Denmark:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  26. ^ http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=dubd2
  27. ^ Poles in AustriaPDF
  28. ^ Mannfjöldi eftir fæðingarlandi 1981-2008: Pólland
  29. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=VE
  30. ^ http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Migraciones-europeas-minoritarias.htm
  31. ^ http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf 2011 Census of Hungary
  32. ^ 2004 Moldovan census, including Transnistria
  33. ^ 2002 Romanian census.
  34. ^ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf
  35. ^ http://www.helsinki.polemb.net/index.php?document=46
  36. ^ pl:Estonia#Polacy w Estonii
  37. ^ http://m.eluniversal.com.co/colombia/comenzo-la-cuenta-regresiva-para-eliminar-la-visa-schengen-151003
  38. ^ أ ب Polonezkoy.com
  39. ^ Poles around the World (>polonia > statystyka)
  40. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Stat
  41. ^ Gudaszewski, Grzegorz (November 2015). Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (PDF). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 132–136. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6.
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  43. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ludność
  44. ^ Gerard Labuda. Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej, t.1–2 p.72 2002; Henryk Łowmiański. Początki Polski: z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e., t. 5 p.472; Stanisław Henryk Badeni, 1923. p. 270.
  45. ^ Gliński, Mikołaj (6 December 2016). "The Many Different Names of Poland". Culture.pl. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  46. ^ Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1978). Język polski. Pochodzenie, powstanie, rozwój. Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 64.
  47. ^ Potkański, Karol (2004) [1922]. Pisma pośmiertne. Granice plemienia Polan. Vol. 1 & 2. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 423. ISBN 9788370634117.
  48. ^ Małecki, Antoni (1907). Lechici w świetle historycznej krytyki. Lwów: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 37. ISBN 9788365746641.
  49. ^ Davies, Norman (2001). Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present (in الإنجليزية). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780192801265.
  50. ^ Zbigniew Kobyliński. "The Slavs" in Paul Fouracre. The New Cambridge Medieval History, pp. 530–537
  51. ^ أ ب Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795: Origins. OUP Oxford. p. xxvii. ISBN 978-0199253395.
  52. ^ Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta (2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences", PLOS ONE 8 (1): e54360, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360, PMID 23342138, Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...854360M 
  53. ^ Derwich, Marek; Żurek, Adam (2002). U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (in البولندية). pp. 122–143.
  54. ^ # Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925339-0 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4
  55. ^ Butterwick, Richard (2021). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780300252200.
  56. ^ Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (2010). Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (in البولندية). Warszawa: Bellona. ISBN 9788311117242.
  57. ^ Karol Badecki, "Pisma Jana Dzwonowskiego (1608-1625)." Wydawnictwa Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie. Biblioteka Pisarzów Polskich. Kraków. Nakładem Akademii Umiejętności. 1910. 119s. (Polish)


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Polish diaspora

الكلمات الدالة:
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