الرحلة 007 للخطوط الجوية الكورية

"Flight 007" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Flight 7.

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

HL7442, the aircraft that was shot down, landing at Zurich airport in 1980.
Shootdown summary
التاريخ	1 September 1983
النوع	Shot down by the Soviet Air Force after navigation error by KAL pilots
الموقع	Sea of Japan, near Moneron Island, west of Sakhalin Island, Soviet Union 46°34′N 141°17′E
الركاب	246
الطاقم	23
Fatalities	269
Survivors	0
Aircraft type	Boeing 747-230B
المُشغل	Korean Air Lines
Tail number	HL7442
بداية الرحلة	John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, New York, U.S.
محطات التوقف	Anchorage International Airport, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.
الوجهة	Gimpo International Airport, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, South Korea

Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On September 1, 1983, the South Korean airliner servicing the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but due to a navigational mistake made by the KAL crew the airliner deviated from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace about the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and destroyed it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were likely not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States Representative from Georgia. The Soviets found the wreckage under the sea on September 15, and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1993.

The Soviet Union initially denied knowledge of the incident, but later admitted shooting down the aircraft, claiming that it was on a MASINT spy mission. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said it was a deliberate provocation by the United States to probe the Soviet Union's military preparedness, or even to provoke a war. The White House accused the Soviet Union of obstructing search and rescue operations. The Soviet Armed Forces suppressed evidence sought by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) investigation, such as the flight recorders, which were released ten years later, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The incident was one of the most tense moments of the Cold War and resulted in an escalation of anti-Soviet sentiment, particularly in the United States.

As a result of the incident, the United States altered tracking procedures for aircraft departing from Alaska. The interface of the autopilot used on airliners was redesigned to make it more ergonomic. In addition, the incident was one of the most important events that prompted the Reagan administration to allow worldwide access to the United States Global Positioning System (GPS).

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 Aircraft

The aircraft involved when still in service with Condor

The aircraft flying as Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was a Boeing 747-230B jet airliner with Boeing serial number 20559. The aircraft first flew on January 28, 1972, and was delivered on March 17, 1972 to German airline Condor with the registration D-ABYH. It was sold to the ITEL Corporation in February 1979 and leased to Korean Air Lines with the registration HL7442.

 Details of the flight

 Passengers and crew

Nationality	Victims
Australia	4
Hong Kong	12
Canada	8
Dominican Republic	1
India	1
Iran	1
Japan	28
Malaysia	1
Philippines	16
South Korea	105 *
Sweden	1
Taiwan	23
Thailand	5
United Kingdom	2
United States	62
Vietnam	1
Total	269
* 76 passengers, 23 active crew and 6 deadheading crew

Congressman Larry McDonald

Romeo 20 waypoint	Flight-planned coordinates	ATC	KAL 007 deviation
CAIRN MOUNTAIN	61°09′33″N 155°19′41″W	Anchorage	5.6 mi (9.0 km)
BETHEL	60°47′32″N 161°45′21″W	Anchorage	12.6 nmi (23.3 km)
NABIE	59°18.0′N 171°45.4′W	Anchorage	60 nmi (110 km)
NUKKS	57°15′N 179°44.3′E	Anchorage	100 nmi (190 km)
NEEVA	54°40.7′N 172°11.8′E	Anchorage	160 nmi (300 km)
NINNO	52°21.5′N 165°22.8′E	Anchorage
NIPPI	49°41.9′N 159°19.3′E	Anchorage/Tokyo	180 mi (290 km)
NYTIM	46°11.9′N 153°00.5′E	Tokyo	500 nmi (930 km) to point of impact
NOKKA	42°23.3′N 147°28.8′E	Tokyo	350 nmi (650 km) to point of impact
NOHO	40°25.0′N 145°00.0′E	Tokyo	390 nmi (720 km) to point of impact

 Shootdown

A Soviet Sukhoi Su-15 interceptor

Strait of Tartary

Moneron Is

Missile attack

Sakhalin Island

Dolinsk-Sokol

Wakkanai, Japan

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Sakhalin Island

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 Maps

New York City

Anchorage

Seoul

Crash site

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Location of the incident and the airports

Crash site

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Crash site in Sakhalin Oblast

CIA map of KAL Flight 007

 See also

• Cold War (1979–85)
• History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)
• Korean Air Lines Flight 902
• List of airliner shootdown incidents
• List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office
• Notable decompression accidents and incidents
• Siberia Airlines Flight 1812
• Iran Air Flight 655
• Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
• 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident, which happened three weeks later.

 References

 Books

• Brun, Michel (1995). Incident at Sakhalin: The True mission of KAL Flight 007. New York, London: Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN 1-56858-054-1.
• Ball, Desmond (1993). Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era: Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-3016-37-X.
• Blacker, Coit D. (1984). International arms control: issues and agreements. Stanford Arms Control Group. ISBN 0-8047-1211-5.
• Report of the completion of the fact finding investigation regarding the shooting down of Korean Airlines Boeing 747 (Flight KE007) On 31 August 1983. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). 1993.
• Dallin, Alexander (1985). Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05515-2.
• Daniloff, Nicholas (2008). Of Spies and Spokesmen. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1804-9.
• Degani, Asaf (2004). Taming HAL: Designing Interfaces Beyond 2001. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-29574-X.
• Gollin, James; Allardyce, Robert (1994). Desired Track. The Tragic Flight of KAL Flight 007. American Vision Publishing. ISBN 1-883868-01-7.
• Hersh, Seymour M. (1986). Target is Destroyed. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-5-551-63092-0.
• Johnson, Richard William (1986). Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection. Viking. ISBN 0-670-81209-9.
• Kilroy, Christopher. "Accident Database – Accident Synopsis – 09011983". AirDisaster.com.
• Kleiner, Jürgen (2001). Korea, a Century of Change. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-4657-9.
• Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 382. ISBN 1-57607-812-4.
• Luck, Edward C. (1999). Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919–1999. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-5307-1.
• Milde, Michael (2008). International Air Law and ICAO. Eleven International Publishing. ISBN 978-90-77596-54-8.
• McCormick, Barnes Warnock; et al. (2003). Aircraft Accident Reconstruction and Litigation. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company. ISBN 1-930056-61-3.
• Merrills, J.G. (2005). International Dispute Settlement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85250-1.
• Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1998). Boeing. Osceolo, WI: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-0497-1.
• Oberdorfer, Don (1998). From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1991. JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-5922-0.
• Pearson, David Eric (1987). KAL 007: The Cover-up. N.Y.: Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-55716-5.
• Pry, Peter Vincent (1999). War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96643-7.
• Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1997). A Century of Spies. Oxford University Press US. p. 385. ISBN 0-19-511390-X.
• Rosenthal, Uriel and Michael T. Charles, Paul 't Hart (1989). Coping with Crises. C.C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-05597-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ross, Robert S. and Robert Gilpin, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1995). East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1-56324-561-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Shultz, George Pratt (1993). Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. Scribner's. ISBN 0-684-19325-6.
• Winkler, David F. (June 2000). Cold War at Sea: High-seas Confrontation Between the United States and the Soviet Union. U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-955-7. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
• Young, Marilyn J; Launer, Michael K. (1988). Flights of Fancy, Flight of Doom: KAL 007 and Soviet-American Rhetoric. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-7225-1.

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 Journals

• Allardyce, Robert W; Gollin, James (2007). "Flight KAL007: The Anatomy of a Cover-up". Airways Magazine. Archived from the original on يناير 29, 2009. Retrieved مارس 7, 2009.
• Andrew, Christopher (July 1994). "KGB Foreign Intelligence from Brezhnev to the Coup". Intelligence and National Security. Routledge. 8 (3): 52–67. doi:10.1080/02684529308432214. ISBN 0-7146-4515-X. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
• Joint Committee on Slavic Studies (U.S.), American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council (U.S.) (1986). "The Current digest of the Soviet press". The Current Digest of the Soviet Press. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Retrieved January 26, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Charles, Dan (March 9, 1991). "Cover-up continues over downed Korean plane". New Scientist. Washington, DC: IPC Magazines. 1759. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
• Doerner, William R; Ed Magnuson (September 12, 1983). "Atrocity In the Skies". TIME. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
• Illesh, Andrey (1992). "The Mystery of the KAL-007 (English translation)". Izvestia.
• Walter Isaacson; Johanna McGeary; Erik Amfitheatrof (September 26, 1983). "Salvaging the Remains". TIME. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
• Maier, Timothy W. (April 16, 2001). "KAL 007 Mystery". Insight Magazine. Archived from the original on September 18, 2001. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
• Oberg, James (أكتوبر 1993). "KAL 007: The Real Story". American Spectator. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
• Pearson, David; Keppel, John (August 17, 1985). "New Pieces in the Puzzle of Flight 007: Journey into Doubt". The Nation. 421. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
• "The Truth and Lies about the South Korean Airliner". Sputnik: A Digest of the Soviet Press. Novosti Printing House. December 1983.
• "Backing Down on Flight 007". TIME. December 3, 1984. Retrieved February 2, 2009.

 Online sources

• "ASN Aircraft Accident Boeing 747-230B HL7442 Sakhalin Okhotsk Sea". Aviation Safety Database. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
• Degani, Asaf (September 18, 2001). "Korean Air Lines Flight 007: Lessons From the Past and Insights for the Future" (PDF). NASA Ames Research Center: NASA. Retrieved January 10, 2009. This article was adapted from a book chapter, entitled "The Crash of Korean Air Lines Flight 007," which appeared in Degani, A. (2004). Taming HAL: Designing Interfaces Beyond 2001. New York: St. Martin's Press (Palgrave-Macmillan)
• Ephraimson, Hans (January 20, 1996). "Korean Bribe Rekindles Flight 007 Issues". The New York Times. Letters to the Editor. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
• Fischer, Benjamin B. (March 17, 2007). "A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
• Gordon, Michael R. (December 9, 1996). "Ex-Soviet Pilot Still Insists KAL 007 Was Spying". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
• Gwertzman, Bernard (September 12, 1983). "A New US Transcript Indicates Soviet Pilot Fired 'Cannon Bursts'". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
• Kantakov, Gennady A; Shevchenko, George V (January 12, 1999). "In situ observations of Tsushima and West Sakhalin currents near La Perouse (Soya) Strait" (PDF). North Pacific Marine Science Organization. Retrieved January 8, 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
• Pellerin, Cheryl (February 3, 2006). "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology: New GPS satellite ushers in a range of future improvements". United States Government. Archived from the original on 2008-03-05. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
• Taubman, Philip (September 17, 1987). "Khabarovsk Journal; Keeping the Air Lanes Free: Lessons of a Horror". New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
• Wilkes, Donald E Jr (September 3, 2003), "The Death Flight of Larry McDonald", Flagpole Magazine: 7, http://www.law.uga.edu/dwilkes_more/his36_flight.html .
• Witkin, Richard (May 19, 1991). "Soviet Pilot Insists Downed Korean Jet Was Spy Plane". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2009.

 Further reading

• Bamford, James (1983). The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-006748-5.
• Clubb, Oliver (1985). KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story. The Permanent Press. ISBN 0-932966-59-4.
• Hersh, Seymour M. (1987). "The Target Is Destroyed": What Really Happened to Flight 007. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-75527-8.
• Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordan (1988). "KAL-007: Violating the Norms of Civil Conduct". Legitimacy and Force. Transaction, Inc. pp. 374–375. ISBN 0-88738-100-6.
• Luttwak, Edward N. (1985). "Delusions of Soviet Weakness". Strategy and History. Transaction, Inc. pp. 241–243. ISBN 0-88738-065-4.
• Maier, Timothy (April 17, 2001). "KAL 007 Mystery." Insight on the News.
• Rohmer, Richard (1984). Massacre 007: The Story of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007. Hodder Headline Australia. ISBN 0-340-36447-5.
• "Secrets of the Black Box: KAL 007". The History Channel. 2006.
• Snyder, Alvin (1995). Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-389-X.
• St. John, Jeffrey (1984). Day of the Cobra: The True Story of KAL Flight 007. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-8407-5381-0.
• Shootdown at the Internet Movie Database
• Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy at the Internet Movie Database
• Soviet Air Force Transcripts, Airliners.net
• Bickel v. Korean Air Lines, Alt law, http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/501697 .
• Hollie v. Korean Air Lines, Find law, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&case=/data2/circs/2nd/947208.html&friend=nytimes .
• "KAL Flight 007 25 years on", The First Post (UK), http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/45255,features,the-mystery-of-flight-kal007-25-years-after-the-soviets-shot-down-a-civilian-jet .
• "Photos and first-person account of US-Soviet naval confrontation", USS Sterett, http://sterett.net/public/kal_007_search_ops.htm .
• Ronald Reagan's television announcement of the downing of KAL 007 at YouTube
• KAL 007 Search and Recovery Operations USS Sterett CG 31 at YouTube
• FBI files on KAL 007 hosted at the Internet Archive
• KAL 007 Passenger List, April 17, 2001, http://www.rescue007.org/passengers.htm .

 External links

• Works related to Korean Air Lines Flight 007 transcripts at Wikisource