2021 في العلوم

(تم التحويل من 2021 in science)
2021 in science - collage v1.png
سنوات في العلوم: 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
القرون: قرن 20 · قرن 21st · قرن 22nd
العقود: ع1990 ع2000 ع2010 ع2020 ع2030 ع2040 ع2050
السنوات: 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024


المجالات
البيئة في الكواكب الخارجية
بيئة الأرض
أخرى/متعلقة

عدد من أبرز الأحداث العلمية التي وقعت أو المجدولة في 2021.

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الأحداث

يناير

فبراير

مارس

مارس 2021 في العلوم
Q1 2021 in science

أبريل

April 2021 in science
April–June 2021 in science

مايو

May 2021 in science
April–June 2021 in science

يوينو

June 2021 in science
April–June 2021 in science

يوليو

Science Summary podcast based on this section
10 July: Scientists report the discovery of long extrachromosomal DNA structures, they call "borgs", which appear to incorporate genes from organisms they encounter in or near archaea in mud.[22]
22 July: DeepMind's AlphaFold AI predicts the 3D structures of ~350,000 proteins.[47]
28 July: The first direct observation of light from behind a black hole.[53]
28 July: Scientists publish an update to the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity.[60]


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أغسطس

9 August: The IPCC begins releasing its latest major report on climate change.
Researchers present a bioprinting method to produce steak-like cultured meat.

سبتمبر

2 September: The WHO adjusts its air quality guidelines after studies found that i.a. air pollution is associated with substantially increased mortality even below current WHO guideline values.
22 September: Astronomers report the discovery of the Per-Tau Shell, a giant star-forming spherical shell.
24 September: Projecting effects of greenhouse gas emissions only for up to 2100 is found to be short-sighted. New models for climate change scenarios for up to 2500 are published.
24 September: The first CRISPR-edited food, tomatoes, goes on public sale.
28 September: Researchers develop machine learning models for genome-based early detection and prioritization of high-risk potential zoonotic viruses.


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أكتوبر

11 October: Scientists project public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill from the FSO Safer.
20 October: Scientists report that, according to their genetic analysis, today's domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region, Russia.
27 October: Researchers release a "policy sequencing" framework, in particular for policies of polycentric governance for completely halting and preventing deforestation.

نوفمبر

  • 1 November – Astronomers report detecting, in a "first-of-its-kind" process based on SAM instruments, organic molecules, including benzoic acid, ammonia and other related unknown compounds, on the planet Mars by the Curiosity rover.[316][317]
  • 2 November – A study concludes that PM2.5 air pollution induced by contemporary forms of free trade and consumption by 19 G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.[318][319]
  • 3 نوفمبر
24 November: Launch of NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART).
  • 4 نوفمبر
  • 5 November – A company reports that a phase 2/3 clinical trial shows that PF-07321332 can reduce COVID-19 hospitalizations of high-risk adults by 89% when given within three days after symptom onset.[331][332]
  • 8 November – Scientists prove that the brain (the insular cortex of mammals) also "remembers" immune activity against past infections, with reactivation – or stimulation – of the neurons being able to cause – or shape – the inflammatory immune response.[333][334]
  • 9 نوفمبر
  • 11 نوفمبر
    • Astronomers using the Very Large Telescope report the discovery of a black hole in NGC 1850 by viewing its influence on the motion of a star in close proximity, the first direct dynamical detection of a black hole in a young massive cluster.[340]
    • The first ever simulation of baryons on a quantum computer is reported by the University of Waterloo.[341]
    • Astronomers identify a long filament of cold, dense gas connecting two of the Milky Way's spiral arms, the first known observation of such a galactic structure in the Milky Way.[342]
    • Bionanoengineers report a novel therapy for spinal cord injury – an injectable gel of nanofibers that contain moving molecules that cause cellular signaling and mimic the matrix around cells in mice.[343][344][345]
    • A study investigates how tidal energy could be best integrated into the Orkney energy system.[346] On 3 November, a review assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding it could deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of the energy demand.[347][348]
  • 14 November – A time-allocation study estimates that in 2020 over 130 million hours of researchers' time were spent on peer review.[349][350]
  • 14 November – Scientists report a large extent of alternative splicing – cases of a single gene (a template) being used to create instructions (mRNAs) for building different proteins – in the mouse and human cortex and release the transcriptomes on a public database.[351][352]
  • 16 November – A study reports the second case of a person whose immune system apparently cleared the HIV on its own without a therapy.[353][354]
26 November: The WHO reports the Omicron as a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern.[355]
The image shows one Nextstrain-based visualization of genetic distance of several such variants.
  • 17 November
    • A systematic review and meta analysis finds that mask wearing cuts the incidence of COVID-19 by 53%.[356]
    • The first 256-qubit quantum computer is announced, by startup company QuEra, founded by MIT and Harvard scientists and funded by DARPA.[357][358]
    • The largest public dataset of whole genomes is made available through a Web platform. The entire genomes of 200,000 UK Biobank participants, linked to anonymized medical information, are made more accessible for biomedical research than prior, less comprehensive datasets.[359][360]
    • Scientists call for the creation of space biosecurity measures and inform the creation of planetary protection policies that aim to prevent forward contamination of extraterrestrial bodies as well as backward contamination.[361][362]
    • Scientists report the development of a vaccine of mRNAs for the body build 19 proteins in tick saliva which, by enabling quick development of erythema (itchy redness) at the bite site, protects guinea pigs against Lyme disease from ticks.[363][364]
  • 19 November – The first autonomous cargo ship, MV Yara Birkeland is launched in Norway. The fully electric ship is expected to substantially reduce the need for truck journeys.[365]
  • 21 November – Sri Lanka announces that it will lift its import ban on pesticides and herbicides, explained by both a lack of sudden changes to widely applied practices or education systems and contemporary economics and, by extension, food security, protests and food costs. The effort to become the world's first completely organic farming nation was challenged by effects from the COVID-19 pandemic.[366][367]
  • 22 November – Scientists detect a quantum effect that blocks atoms from scattering light.[368]
  • 24 November – NASA launches the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), the first attempt to deflect an asteroid for the purpose of learning how to protect Earth.[369]
  • 25 November – Researchers systematically assess impacts of climate change mitigation options on 18 constituents of well-being, finding largely beneficial effects of demand-side solutions based on inputs from 604 studies.[370][371]
  • 26 November – The WHO announces the classification of the Omicron variant as a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. The variant, that became dominant (74% of samples) in South Africa in November, was detected by the NGS-SA genomic surveillance on 8 November[372][373] and reported to the WHO on 24 November.[355] It has a large number of mutations that, according to early preliminary evidence, appear to increase risk of reinfection,[355] may possibly increase transmissibility compared to Delta and may affect vaccines' efficacies with a key question being whether it causes less severe prognoses.[374][375]
  • 29 November – A team of scientists publish a new form of biological reproduction in xenobots.[376]

ديسمبر

  • 1 December – Scientists discover the footprint of an ancient hominid that lived alongside Lucy.[377]
  • 2 ديسمبر
  • 3 ديسمبر - لأول مرة، حقق تفاعل اندماج، رقمأً قياسياً من الطاقة الناتجة، 1.3 1.3 ميگاجول، متجاوزاً الطاقة التي يمتصها الوقود المستخدم لتشغيله، الذي يعد اختراقاً في سعي العلماء للحصول على طاقة الاندماج. وتمثل الطاقة الناتجة، ثمانية أضعاف ما تم الحصول عليه في التجارب السابقة، التي أُجريت قبل بضعة أشهر فقط، و25 ضعف ما أنتجته التجارب التي أُجريت عام 2018.[380]

أحداث متوقعة أو مجدولة

تواريخ غير معروفة

جوائز

وفيات

{{#قسم-:الربع الأول من 2021 في العلوم|وفيات}} {{#قسم:أبريل-يونيو 2021 في العلوم|وفيات}}

See also

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المصادر

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