مورمانسك

لمعلومات عن the Soviet-era cruiser، انظر Murmansk (cruiser).
Murmansk
Мурманск
City[1]
Murmansk Port
Murmansk Port
درع Murmansk
Coat of arms
Location of Murmansk
Murmansk is located in روسيا
Murmansk
Murmansk
Location of Murmansk
Murmansk is located in روسيا
Murmansk
Murmansk
Murmansk (روسيا)
الإحداثيات: 68°58′0″N 33°5′0″E / 68.96667°N 33.08333°E / 68.96667; 33.08333Coordinates: 68°58′0″N 33°5′0″E / 68.96667°N 33.08333°E / 68.96667; 33.08333
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديMurmansk Oblast[1]
Official foundation
date (see text)		October 4, 1916[2]
City status sinceJuly 19, 1916[2]
الحكومة
 • الكيانCouncil of Deputies
 • Head/MayorTamara Pryamikova (Head)
Andrey Sysoev (Mayor)
المنسوب
50 m (160 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[3]
 • الإجمالي307٬257
 • Estimate 
(2018)
295٬374 (−3٫9%)
 • الترتيب61st in 2010
 • Subordinated toCity of Murmansk[1]
 • Capital ofMurmansk Oblast[1], City of Murmansk[1]
 • Urban okrugMurmansk Urban Okrug[4]
 • Capital ofMurmansk Urban Okrug[4]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([5])
Postal code(s)[6]
183000..183099
Dialing code(s)+7 8152
OKTMO ID47701000001
City DayOctober 4
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.citymurmansk.ru

مورمانسك Murmansk (روسية: Му́рманск; سامي شمالية: Murmanska; سكولت سامي: [Muurman] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))هي مدينة وميناء في أقصى الطرف الشمالي الغربي من روسيا، على خليج كولا، 12 كم من بحر بارنتس على الساحل الشمالي لشبه جزيرة كولا، ليس ببعيد عن حدود روسيا مع كل من النرويج وفنلندا.

وسط مورمانسك
"أليوشا"، نصب للحرب العالمية الثانية، افتتح في عام 1974

مورمانسك هي أهم ميناء لروسيا على المحيط القطبي الشمالي. وهي أكبر مدن العالم شمال الدائرة القطبية الشمالية. وتجعل مياه الخليج الدافئة الميناء خاليًا من الجليد طوال العام. ويبلغ عدد السكان في مورمانسك 472,000 نسمة. وتقع في سهل مسطح ليس به أشجار بالجزء الشمالي من شبه جزيرة كولا. ويحدها مدخل كولا وهو ذراع من المحيط القطبي الشمالي.

وتُعد مورمانسك مركزًا لصيد الأسماك وبناء السفن، وبها معامل لتعليب الأسماك ومصانع للمعادن والأعمال الخشبية، وكذلك مصانع لشِباك الصيد والبراميل الخشبية. ويشحن المصدرون الأسماك والمعادن وأخشاب الصناعة الخام من هذه المدينة، كما توجد بها محطة للأبحاث القطبية. وهناك خط حديدي يربط بين مورمانسك وسانت بطرسبورج. وقد تأسست مدينة مورمانسك عام 1915. استخدم الحلفاء ميناء مورمانسك خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939 - 1945) لنقل الإمدادات إلى مناطق الاتحاد السوفييتي التي كانت تسيطر عليها ألمانيا.

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الجسر القطبي

الموقع


مورمانسك هي بوابة روسيا على الجسر القطبي (أو جسر البحر القطبي)، طريق بحري يربطها بالميناء الكندي تشرشل، مانيتوبا. المسار لم يُختبر بالكامل للشحن التجاري بعد، إلا أن روسيا أبدت اهتماماً به. ويُعتقد أنه بمجرد تطويره (بجانب الممر الشمال غربي)، فإن الجسر سيعمل كطريق تجاري رئيسي بين اوروبا وآسيا.


المدن الشقيقة

Murmansk is twinned or has sister city relationships with:

المناخ

Murmansk features a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), with long and cold winters and short, cool summers. In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May. Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October. The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately −14 °C (7 °F). However, temperatures routinely plunge below −20 °C (−4 °F) during the winter.

Murmansk, Russia
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
31
 
−7
−13
 
 
22
 
−7
−13
 
 
24
 
−2
−9
 
 
25
 
3
−4
 
 
37
 
8
1
 
 
55
 
14
6
 
 
71
 
17
9
 
 
62
 
15
8
 
 
52
 
10
5
 
 
52
 
4
0
 
 
39
 
−3
−7
 
 
34
 
−5
−11
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: Météo Climat[9]

Murmansk's brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 °C (63 °F). The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation.

The "midnight sun" is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness lasts a bit shorter, polar night from 2 December to 10 January (40 days).

Extreme temperatures range from −39.4 °C (−38.9 °F) on January 6, 1985 and January 27, 1999 up to 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) on July 9, 1972; the record cold daily maximum is −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F), set on January 6, 1985, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) last set on July 9, 1972.[10]

Murmansk has been affected by global warming in recent decades, similar to other Arctic locations. For example, December 2007 had an average high of 0.8 °C (33.4 °F), while a 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) average high was measured for March 2007.[11][12] Summer has also been affected, with a 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) average high for June 2013, and a 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) average high during July 2018.[13][14]

بيانات مناخ Murmansk (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 7.0
(44.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		15.0
(59) 		9.6
(49.3) 		7.2
(45) 		32٫9
(91٫2)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -6.5
(20.3) 		-6.4
(20.5) 		-1.9
(28.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		-1.8
(28.8) 		-4.1
(24.6) 		4٫3
(39٫7)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -9.6
(14.7) 		-9.3
(15.3) 		-5.1
(22.8) 		-0.3
(31.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		-4.0
(24.8) 		-6.8
(19.8) 		1٫1
(34)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -12.7
(9.1) 		-12.3
(9.9) 		-8.2
(17.2) 		-3.3
(26.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.1
(41.2) 		-0.3
(31.5) 		-6.2
(20.8) 		-9.6
(14.7) 		−1٫8
(28٫8)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -39.4
(-38.9) 		-38.6
(-37.5) 		-32.6
(-26.7) 		-24.0
(-11.2) 		-10.3
(13.5) 		-2.8
(27) 		1.7
(35.1) 		-2.0
(28.4) 		-10.1
(13.8) 		-21.2
(-6.2) 		-32.2
(-26) 		-34.9
(-30.8) 		−39٫4
(−38٫9)
هطول mm (inches) 34
(1.34) 		24
(0.94) 		29
(1.14) 		29
(1.14) 		37
(1.46) 		56
(2.2) 		66
(2.6) 		71
(2.8) 		54
(2.13) 		56
(2.2) 		36
(1.42) 		37
(1.46) 		529
(20٫83)
% Humidity 84 83 79 73 72 70 75 79 80 83 86 85 79
Avg. rainy days 2 2 3 9 18 22 22 22 24 17 5 3 149
Avg. snowy days 27 26 24 19 14 4 0.03 0.1 2 16 24 27 183
Sunshine hours 3 33 122 182 192 228 236 154 89 47 7 0 1٬293
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[15]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[16]
Sea temperature data for Murmansk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 3.4
(38.12) 		2.5
(36.5) 		1.9
(35.42) 		2.2
(35.96) 		3.9
(35.96) 		7.1
(44.78) 		10.5
(50.9) 		10.9
(51.62) 		9
(48.2) 		7
(44.6) 		5.3
(41.54) 		4.6
(40.28) 		5.69
(42.245)
Source:[17]


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السكان

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
1926 8٬716—    
1939 117٬069+1243.2%
1959 221٬874+89.5%
1970 308٬642+39.1%
1979 380٬817+23.4%
1989 468٬039+22.9%
2002 336٬137−28.2%
2010 307٬257−8.6%
2021 270٬384−12.0%
Source: Census data
Children in Murmansk

The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%),[18][19] down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census. Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population, but Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities also live in the city.

Ethnic composition (2010):[20]

السياسة

In November 2010 direct mayoral elections were abolished; they were reinstituted in January 2014, with the most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014.[21]

Museums and monuments

Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums. There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an aquarium in Murmansk. Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned Lenin which is now a museum ship. Alyosha Monument, Murmansk or Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk. The main square of Murmansk is Five Corners, Murmansk.

  • Lenin, converted into a museum ship

    Lenin, converted into a museum ship

  • Monument of sailors in Murmansk

    Monument of sailors in Murmansk

  • Memorial to Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War

    Memorial to Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War

  • Monument to the victims of the intervention of 1918–1920, Murmansk

    Monument to the victims of the intervention of 1918–1920, Murmansk

الثقافة

There are three professional theaters in Murmansk. The oldest is the Murmansk Puppetry, opened in 1933. The largest in the city was the Murmansk Regional Drama Theater, opened in 1939. The Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet was opened in 1946.[22]

  • Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet

    Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet

  • Murmansk Regional Drama Theater

    Murmansk Regional Drama Theater

  • Murmansk Puppetry

    Murmansk Puppetry

الرياضة

The city's association football team, FC Sever Murmansk, played in the Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties.

Bandy club Murman[23] has played in the Russian Bandy Super League, last in 2011–2012. Between 2012 and 2018 they were playing in the second tier Russian Bandy Supreme League, but will from the 2018–19 season be a Super League team again.[24] Their home arena, Stadium Stroitel, has an audience capacity of 5,000.[25]

The city is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team Arktika.[26] Proximity to pole and its side effects, Polar Night, has brought sport festivals such as ru (North Festival Polar Olympiad) and ru (Sun Festival). The former has been awarded every year since the inaugural tournament in 1934.[27] Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries take part in the North Festival Polar Olympiad.[28]

الدين

To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city's foundation, the snow-white Church of the Saviour on the Waters was modeled after the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk.[29]

Fifteen religious associations have been registered in Murmansk.[30] The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis. The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral.[31][32]

  • Church of the Saviour on the Waters, Murmansk

    Church of the Saviour on the Waters, Murmansk

  • St. Michael the Archangel's Church

    St. Michael the Archangel's Church

  • All Saints' Church

    All Saints' Church

  • St. Nicholas Cathedral

    St. Nicholas Cathedral

الاقتصاد

الإعلام

Murmansk's evening newspaper is Vecherniy Murmansk, published since 1991.

النقل

The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination. It is home port to Atomflot, the world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers.[33]

The Port of Murmansk is the headquarters of Sevmorput (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport. In 2018, the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk.[34][35]

Murmansk is linked by the Kirov Railway to St. Petersburg and is linked to the rest of Russia by the M18 Kola Motorway. Murmansk Airport provides air links to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport.

الجسر القطبي

Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the Arctic Bridge, a sea route linking it to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba. Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the Northwest Passage) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between North America, Europe and Asia.[36]


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التعليم

Murmansk State Technical University.

Murmansk is home to Murmansk State Technical University, the Murmansk Arctic State University (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University), the Murmansk Institute of Humanities and the Murmansk College of Arts[37] (the only Art School of the Kola Peninsula, formerly the 'Murmansk Music School'). The city has 86 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, two boarding schools, and three reform schools. There is also a branch of the Naval Academy in Murmansk, where cadets study, who in the future should become officers of the Russian Navy.

بلدات توأم – مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Murmansk is twinned with:[38]

بلدات توأم سابقة

أشخاص بارزون

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ref395
  2. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ATSBook24
  3. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ref811
  5. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ Main Murmansk post office
  7. ^ "Kaliningrad -Partner Cities". © 2000-2006 Kaliningrad City Hall. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  8. ^ "Groningen — Partner Cities". © 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  9. ^ Solenn Nadal des Moutiers en Retz (2009-11-07). "Météo climat stats | Moyennes 1981/2010 / Données Météorologiques Gratuites". Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  10. ^ "Météo Climat stats for Mourmansk" (in الفرنسية). Météo Climat. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  11. ^ "December 2007" (in الروسية). Roshydromet. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  12. ^ "March 2007" (in الروسية). Roshydromet. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  13. ^ "June 2013" (in الروسية). Roshydromet. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  14. ^ "July 2018" (in الروسية). Roshydromet. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  15. ^ Климат Мурманска [The Climate of Murmansk]. Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) (in الروسية). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  16. ^ "Murmansk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Погода в Мурманске сейчас. Температура воды в море. Подробный прогноз. Мурманск на карте погоды".
  18. ^ Статистический сборник Численность, размещение и возрастно-половой состав населения Мурманской области. Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения. Том 1. 2012 Archived ديسمبر 22, 2012 at the Wayback Machine / Федеральная служба государственной статистики, Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Мурманской области. Мурманск, 2012 — 75 с.
  19. ^ "Численность населения Мурманской области по полу на 14 октября 2010 года". Retrieved January 10, 2019.[dead link]
  20. ^ "Распределение населения Мурманской области по наиболее многочисленным национальностям по муниципальным образованиям". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  21. ^ "Выборы мэра Мурманска пройдут 14 сентября »". 2014-2015.vybor-naroda.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014.
  22. ^ "Наыеярбн » Йскэрспю – Лсплюмяй Х Лсплюмяйюъ Накюярэ". Region.murman.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  23. ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  24. ^ "Google Translate".
  25. ^ "Google Translate". Translate.google.se. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  26. ^ "Информация о команде "Арктика" Мурманск - Реестр - Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru.
  27. ^ "Праздник Севера". Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  28. ^ "Международный Праздник Севера - Полярная Олимпиада". norse.ru. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  29. ^ see photograph Archived أكتوبر 11, 2006 at the Wayback Machine)
  30. ^ "Религиозные объединения". Официальный портал Мурманской области. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  31. ^ "Храмы епархии". Сайт Мурманской и Мончегорской епархии. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  32. ^ "Культура, образование, наука, спорт, церковь". Администрация города Мурманска – официальный сайт. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  33. ^ "Atomflot – Bellona". Bellona. Archived from the original on يوليو 16, 2011. Retrieved ديسمبر 7, 2010.
  34. ^ Nilsen, Thomas (2018-07-18). "Vyacheslav Ruksha will lead the newly established Northern Sea Route Directorate". The Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  35. ^ Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019). "Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline". The California Review. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  36. ^ "Chinese goods may come to US via Murmansk". Barentsnova. 2014-08-18. Archived from the original on 2014-09-12.
  37. ^ Мурманский колледж искусств [Murmansk College of Arts]. mki-51.ru (in الروسية). Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  38. ^ "Сведения об официальной деятельности". citymurmansk.ru (in الروسية). Murmansk. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  39. ^ "Szczecin wypowiedział umowę o przyjacielskiej współpracy z Murmańskiem". wszczecinie.pl (in البولندية). Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  40. ^ "The capital of Lapland freezes partnership with Murmansk". The Independent Barents Observer (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  41. ^ https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/tromso-avslutter-vennskapsbyavtale-med-russiske-byer-1.16153548. NRK.no. Retrieved 2022-10-26
  42. ^ "Murmansk terminates sister city relations with Akureyri", The Barents Observer, 15 December 2022

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Cities and towns in Murmansk Oblast

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=مورمانسك&oldid=2956810"