خملنيتسكي، أوكرانيا

هذا المقال هو عن المدينة في المنطقة التاريخية پوديليا، أوكرانيا. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر خملنيتسكي (توضيح).
Khmelnytskyi
Хмельницький
City
Будинок ХОХМ 03.jpg
Аптека та помешкання домовласника Л. І. Деревоїда Хмельницький вул. Проскурівська, 13.JPG
Проскурівька15.jpg
Хмель Будинок офіцерів.jpg
Храм Георгія Побідоносця. 2017р.jpg
Міська рада. Ніч.jpg
علم Khmelnytskyi
Flag
درع Khmelnytskyi
Coat of arms
Khmelnytskyi is located in Khmelnytskyi Oblast
Khmelnytskyi
Khmelnytskyi
Location of Khmelnytskyi in Ukraine
Khmelnytskyi is located in أوكرانيا
Khmelnytskyi
Khmelnytskyi
Khmelnytskyi (أوكرانيا)
الإحداثيات: 49°25′0″N 27°00′0″E / 49.41667°N 27.00000°E / 49.41667; 27.00000Coordinates: 49°25′0″N 27°00′0″E / 49.41667°N 27.00000°E / 49.41667; 27.00000
CountryFlag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا
Oblast خملنيتسكي
RaionKhmelnytskyi Raion
First mentioned1431
City rightsSeptember 22, 1937
الحكومة
 • Mayoruk (Oleksandr Symсhyshyn)[1] (Svoboda[1])
المساحة
 • الإجمالي90 كم² (30 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2022)
 • الإجمالي274٬452
 • الكثافة2٬822/km2 (7٬310/sq mi)
Postal code
29000
مفتاح الهاتف+380 382
الموقع الإلكترونيkhmelnytsky.com

خملنيتسكي Khmelnytskyi‏[أ] (أوكرانية: Хмельни́цький, IPA: [xmelʲˈnɪtsʲkɪj]( استمع)) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast.[2] With a population of 274,452 (2022 estimate),[3] Khmelnytskyi is the second-largest city in the historical region of Podolia, after Vinnytsia.

The city was first mentioned in 1431 as a Polish military post, where it was known as Płoskirów under Polish rule. It was seized by Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky Uprising and later ruled by the Ottomans until 1699. It was passed to Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland, and became part of the newly-formed Podolia Governorate, where it became known as Proskuriv or Proskurov. From 1917 to 1920, it was controlled by the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic before becoming part of Soviet Ukraine. The city's Jewish population fell from 42 per cent in 1939 to 10 per cent in 1959 as a result of the Holocaust in Ukraine.[4] In 1954, it was renamed Khmelnytskyi in honor of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Khmelnytskyi is the location of a rail junction and an important industrial centre, as well as a centre for higher education such as the Khmelnytskyi National University and the Khmelnytskyi Oblast Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater.

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الأسماء

Khmelnytskyi had several names throughout history. In the oldest written evidence about this settlement, the name of the city was mentioned as Ploskirowce,[ب] while later documents mentioned its name as Płoskirów,[ت] which probably comes from the name of the Ploska River.[5]

In 1793, the city was renamed Proskurov,[ث] which appeared on the decree to create Podolia Governorate. This toponym is very similar to the name "proskura", which is a bread in the liturgical service.[6]

On 16 January 1954, Proskuriv was renamed to Khmelnytskyi in honor of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Cossack hetman who rebelled against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


التاريخ

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the Bronze Age 2000 B.C., and from Scythian times from 7–3 century B.C.[7] The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,[8] when it was known as Płoskirów (Ploskirov, Плоскиров) and was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was a royal city.

Polish rule was briefly interrupted by Ottoman one between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was nahiya centre in Mejibuji sanjak in Podolia Eyalet as Poloskiruf.[9] After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by the Russian Empire and was renamed Proskurov (Проскурoв). According to the Russian census of 1897, Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi, Uman, Vinnytsia and Balta. In 1920 it became part of Soviet Ukraine. In 1954 the city was finally renamed Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.[10]

پوگرومات

A series of anti-Jewish pogroms have been carried out in the region, known together as the Proskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.[11]

The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the Ukraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, old style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out[12] on March 20, 1920.[بحاجة لمصدر] Other sources claim that he was released.[12]

During the Schwartzbard trial, at the end of which Petliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.

الحرب العالمية الثانية

A street corner during the German occupation

The town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe.[13] A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.[14]

بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War.[15] The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s.

Toppling of Lenin statue in Khmelnytsky park, Ukraine

Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.[16][17]

الغزو الروسي لأوكرانيا 2022

Main articles: 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine and 2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure

The Russian forces did not attack Khmelnitskyi during the first 7 months of the invasion.

On 10 October 2022 however, the city has been targeted by Russian cruise missiles as part of a major retaliaton strike for the Crimean Bridge explosion, causing a blackout in the city and limiting water supply.[18]

During a missile attack on 31 December a gas station and a military facility inside the city have been hit by 2 Russian cruise missiles, killing at least 1 civilian and wounding 9. Furthermore the attack caused a partial blackout and damaged more than a dozen cars and several residential buildigs, including a kindergarten.[19][20]

On February 23 2023, Russian Forces hit Khmelnytskyi with 3 Iranian UAVs of the "Shahed type", killing one person and wounding 4. Additionally, the attack caused a fire and damaged multiple buildings.[21]

The city had been attacked again on 13 May 2023, hitting some "critical infrastructure". The attack resulted in 21 injuries, as well as damage to civilian houses, schools, hospitals, cultural institutions, administrative buildings and industrial facilities.[22]

الجغرافيا والموارد الطبيعية

Khmelnytskyi's riverside skyline on the Southern Bug, early 2010s.

Khmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up 8,624 ha (21,310 acres). Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position. Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – the Southern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows the small river Ploska.

The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F), and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is −5 to −6 °C (23 to 21 °F). The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F), and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is −24 to −30 °C (−11 to −22 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is 7 to 8 °C (45 to 46 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is 510 to 580 mm (20.08 to 22.83 in).

The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden: loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone, and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale, and oil.

بيانات مناخ خملنيتسكي (1981–2010, extremes 1955-2011)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 12.0
(53.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		33.9
(93) 		35.5
(95.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		20.0
(68) 		12.8
(55) 		35٫5
(95٫9)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -1.4
(29.5) 		-0.2
(31.6) 		5.1
(41.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		-0.4
(31.3) 		11٫8
(53٫2)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -4.0
(24.8) 		-3.2
(26.2) 		1.1
(34) 		8.2
(46.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		-2.8
(27) 		7٫5
(45٫5)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -6.7
(19.9) 		-6.1
(21) 		-2.2
(28) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		8.9
(48) 		4.0
(39.2) 		-0.8
(30.6) 		-5.3
(22.5) 		3٫6
(38٫5)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -30.5
(-22.9) 		-27.0
(-16.6) 		-23.6
(-10.5) 		-7.2
(19) 		-2.8
(27) 		2.2
(36) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		-5.0
(23) 		-11.4
(11.5) 		-17.8
(-0) 		-25.4
(-13.7) 		−30٫5
(−22٫9)
هطول mm (inches) 31.1
(1.224) 		31.5
(1.24) 		31.9
(1.256) 		45.5
(1.791) 		58.5
(2.303) 		96.6
(3.803) 		106.9
(4.209) 		71.3
(2.807) 		58.8
(2.315) 		37.1
(1.461) 		38.8
(1.528) 		37.8
(1.488) 		645٫8
(25٫425)
% Humidity 87.0 84.4 79.5 69.5 67.9 73.4 74.5 73.1 77.5 81.2 87.5 88.3 78٫7
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.2 7.9 7.7 8.0 8.9 10.9 10.8 7.9 8.3 7.0 8.0 9.2 102٫8
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[23]
Source #2: Climatebase.ru (extremes)[24]


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السكان

According to a 2017 survey, 84% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 13% are Russians.[25]

The average life expectancy of its inhabitants is 65 years for men, and 75 years for women.[when?]

التعليم

Khmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs.[26][27]

انظر أيضاً: Khmelnytskyi National University

النقل

Khmelnytskyi railway station

Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv by railway is estimated to be 366 km (227 mi), by highway it is estimated to be 384 km (239 mi). The highways Kyiv-Lviv, Odesa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kyiv pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a 2,200 m (7,217.85 ft) concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine.

الرياضة

Podillya Stadium

Khmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi.

المعالم

  • Proskurivska street, a modern central pedestrian street of the city, preserved buildings of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of 20th century in the styles of modernist, eclecticisms, Baroque, stone (characteristic only for Proskuriv).
  • The house of the former Oleksiyivske real school (now it is the building of the City Executive Committee)
  • The house of O. Brusilov (now is the House of Ceremonial events)
  • The church of Nativity of the Virgin (the first stone construction in the city)
  • The Protection cathedral
  • St. George church
  • Andriy Pervozvannyi church in "Dubovo" district

أشخاص بارزون

Anatoly Kashpirovsky, 2016
Oleksandr Ponomaryov, 2017
Ruslan Kostyshyn, 2011

الرياضة


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العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

بلدات توأم — مدن شقيقة

Khmelnytskyi is twinned with:

In January 2016 the Khmelnytskyi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Tver and Ivanovo due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present).[28]

معرض صور

  • Panas Myrny St

    Panas Myrny St

  • Arboretum

    Arboretum

  • Main square

    Main square

  • Old building

    Old building

  • Old town of Khmelnytsky

    Old town of Khmelnytsky

  • Bank building

    Bank building

  • Saint George Cathedral

    Saint George Cathedral

  • St. Andrew (Andriy Pervozvannyi) church

    St. Andrew (Andriy Pervozvannyi) church

  • Protection Cathedral in Khmelnytsky

    Protection Cathedral in Khmelnytsky

  • Monument to John Paul II

    Monument to John Paul II

  • Podil'ska St

    Podil'ska St

  • Proskurivska street

    Proskurivska street

  • Church of St. Anne in Khmelnytsky

    Church of St. Anne in Khmelnytsky

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Also rendered as Khmelnytsky, Khmelnytskyy and Khmelnitsky
  2. ^ پولندية: [plɔskiˈrɔftsɛ]; أوكرانية: Плоскирівці, romanized: Ploskyrivtsi
  3. ^ پولندية: [pwɔsˈkiruf]; أوكرانية: Плоскирів, romanized: Ploskyriv
  4. ^ Russian: Проскуровъ, Modern orthography: Проскуров, تـُنطق [prɐˈskurəf]; أوكرانية: Проскурів, romanized: Proskuriv [proˈskurʲiu̯]

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Small biography on Oleksandr Symсhyshyn, Civil movement "Chesno" (in أوكرانية)
  2. ^ "Хмельницкая громада" (in الروسية). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  3. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in الأوكرانية and الإنجليزية). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Khmelnytskyi". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  5. ^ "ПЛОСКИРІВ - ПРОСКУРІВ - ХМЕЛЬНИЦЬКИЙ. ШТРИХИ ДО ІСТОРИЧНОГО ПОРТРЕТУ МІСТА". Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  6. ^ "За історичну справедливість — обома руками". Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  7. ^ ЮНЕСКО", Опубліковано Євроклуб "Кур'єри. "Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини: Участь європейського клубу "Кур'єри ЮНЕСКО" гімназії №2 м. Хмельницького зі статусом "Асоційована школа ЮНЕСКО" у проекті "Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини"". Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  8. ^ Mykhailovskyi, Vitalii (2004), "Source References about Proskuriv in the 15th Century", in Pavlo Sokhanʹ, No label or title -- debug: Q12164093, new series, pp. 771–2, Wikidata Q12164093 
  9. ^ http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg Map of Podolia Eyalet
  10. ^ "За п'ятнадцять років Хмельницький постаршав на 63 роки - vsim.ua". Новини Хмельницького за сьогодні (in الأوكرانية). 2006-03-12. Retrieved 2021-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ David B. Green (15 February 2016). "1919: Cossacks Start Pogrom in Ukraine, Killing Jews but Sparing Property". Haaretz. This Day in Jewish History. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  12. ^ أ ب (in أوكرانية) Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault? by Henry Abramson, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2019)
  13. ^ Husson, Edouard (11 November 2008). "L'Ukraine et le début de la " solution finale de la question juive en Europe " - Le meurtre des Juifs d'Ukraine par les nazis et leurs collaborateurs - Introduction historique". Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement sur la Shoah à l'Est. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  14. ^ "До 70-річчя останнього розстрілу в'язнів проскурівського гетто". biznes.km.ua. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  15. ^ Feskov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Golikov, V.I. (2004). The Soviet Army in the Years of the Cold War 1945–91. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House. p. 133. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.
  16. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in الأوكرانية). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  17. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ^ "Новини Хмельницького "Є"". 10 October 2022.
  19. ^ "Новини Хмельницького "Є"". 31 December 2022.
  20. ^ "Новини Хмельницького "Є"". 31 December 2022.
  21. ^ "One person killed, four more injured in enemy drone attack in Khmelnytskyi". www.ukrinform.net (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  22. ^ https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3708703-number-of-injured-in-russian-night-attack-on-khmelnytskyi-region-rises-to-21.html, accessed 14 May 2023
  23. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  24. ^ "Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  25. ^ "Public Opinion Survey of Residents of UkraineJune 9 – July 7, 2017" (PDF). iri.org. August 2017. p. 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2017.
  26. ^ "Higher education institutions raiting (Khmelnytskyi)". Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  27. ^ "List of higher education institutions in Khmelnytskyi". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  28. ^ (in أوكرانية) Chernivtsi decided to terminate the relationship with twin two Russian cities, The Ukrainian Week (February 27, 2016)

وصلات خارجية

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png

قالب:Khmelnytskyi Oblast

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