إمارة ترانسلڤانيا (1570–1711)

Principality of Transylvania

Principatus Transsilvaniae
1570–1711
علم Transylvania
العلم
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Coat of arms
المكانةVassal state of the Ottoman Empire
Hungarian Crown Land
العاصمةAlba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) 1570–1692
Cibinium (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt) 1692–1711
اللغات الشائعةLatin (in administration, science and politics);
Hungarian (in the Diet and legislation[1][2][3][4]), German, Romanian, Ruthenian (vernacular).
الدين Roman Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy,
Greek Catholicism, Unitarianism, Judaism
الحكومةPrincipality, Elective monarchy
Rulers 
• 1570–1571
John II Sigismund Zápolya (first)
• 1704–1711
Francis II Rákóczi (last)
التشريعTransylvanian Diet
التاريخ 
• تأسست
1570
1699
• انحلت
1711
سبقها
تلاها
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)
Today part ofFlag of Romania.svg رومانيا
Flag of Hungary.svg المجر
Flag of Slovakia.svg سلوفاكيا
Flag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا

The Principality of Transylvania (ألمانية: Fürstentum Siebenbürgen; مجرية: Erdélyi Fejedelemség; لاتينية: Principatus Transsilvaniae; رومانية: Principatul Transilvaniei or Principatul Ardealului) was a semi-independent state, ruled primarily by Hungarian princes.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Its territory, in addition to the traditional Transylvanian lands, also included eastern regions of Hungary, called Partium. The establishment of the principality was connected with Treaty of Speyer.[12][13] However Stephen Báthory's status as king of Poland also helped to phase in the name Principality of Transylvania.[14] It was usually under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; however, the principality often had dual vassalage (Ottoman Turkish sultans and the Habsburg Hungarian kings) in the 16th and 17th centuries.[15][16]

The principality continued to be a part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown[17] and was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood.[18] It represented the Hungarian interests against Habsburg encroachments in Habsburg ruled Kingdom of Hungary.[19] All traditional Hungarian law remained to be followed scrupulously in the principality;[15] furthermore, the state was imbued with a preponderantly Protestant feature.[20] After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence, it became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Background

Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Zápolya family


إمارة ترانسلڤانيا

Gallery

See also

== المراجع ==

  1. ^ Tamásné Szabó, Csilla, Az Erdélyi Fejedelemség korának jogi nyelve (The jurisdictional language in the age of the Principality of Transylvania)
  2. ^ Szabó T. Attila, Erdélyi Magyar Szótörténeti Tár (Historical dictionary of the Transylvanian Hungarian vocabulary)
  3. ^ Compillatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1671)
  4. ^ Approbatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1677)
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Britannica
  6. ^ Helmut David Baer (2006). The struggle of Hungarian Lutherans under communism. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-58544-480-9. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  7. ^ Eric Roman (2003). Austria-Hungary & the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present. Infobase Publishing. pp. 574–. ISBN 978-0-8160-4537-2. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  8. ^ J. Atticus Ryan; Christopher A. Mullen (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-90-411-1022-0. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  9. ^ Iván Boldizsár (1987). NHQ; the new Hungarian quarterly. Lapkiadó Pub. House. p. 41. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  10. ^ Marshall Cavendish (2009). "Greece and the Eastern Balkans". World and Its Peoples: Europe. Vol. 11. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1476. ISBN 978-0-7614-7902-4. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  11. ^ Paul Lendvai (2003). The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat. C. Hurst. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-85065-673-9. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  12. ^ Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 408
  13. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة MacCulloch
  14. ^ Katalin Péter, Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 27
  15. ^ أ ب Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62
  16. ^ Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154
  17. ^ Martyn Rady, Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 141, ISBN 9780198743910
  18. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 106
  19. ^ Transylvania article of Encyclopedia Britannica
  20. ^ István Lázár, Hungary, a Brief History, 1989, ISBN 963-13-4483-5
  21. ^ A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-01-11.

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