لغات شمال القوقاز
| شمال القوقاز | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| القوقازية | |||
| (محل جدل) | |||
| التوزيع الجغرافي: | القوقاز | ||
| التبويب اللغوي: | عائل لغات مقترحة | ||
| الأقسام: | |||
| ISO 639-5: | ccn | ||
| Glottolog: | يوجد لا يوجد[1] | ||
 لغات شمال القوقاز
| |||
The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, is a proposed language family consisting of a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, predominantly in the north, consisting of the Northwest Caucasian family (also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also called Nakh–Dagestanian, Caspian or East Caucasian).
The Kartvelian languages, including Georgian, Zan and Svan, were once known as South Caucasian. However, they are no longer considered genetically related to the North Caucasian languages and are classified as an independent language family.
Some linguists, notably Sergei Starostin and Sergei Nikolaev, believe that the two groups sprang from a common ancestor about five thousand years ago.[2] However, this proposal is difficult to evaluate, and remains controversial. There are some 34 to 38 distinct North Caucasian languages.[بحاجة لمصدر]
North Caucasian has also been given in an automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013).[3] However, since the analysis was automatically generated, Müller et al. (2013) does not conclude whether the grouping is due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
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التصنيف الداخلي
- Abkhazo-Adyghean
- Hattic
- Nakh–Daghestanian
- Nakh
- Hurro-Urartian
- Daghestanian
- Avar–Andi–Dido
- Lezgic
- Lak–Dargwa
 North Caucasian family tree (Nikolayev & Starostin 1994) |
.png&filetimestamp=20221130200836&) Glottochronological model (reference?) |
مقارنة بين الشعبتين
التشابهات الرئيسية
الاختلافات الرئيسية
بعض المقارنات
| Personal pronouns[4] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | Northeast Caucasian[5] | PNWC[2] | PNC[2] | ||||
| PN | PDL | PLK | PAAT | PNEC | |||
| 1sg | *su- | *du | *zʷə- | dVpal | *zʷə- | *sA | *zoː |
| 2sg | *ħu- | *ħʷə | *ʁʷə- | dVlab/mV | *ʁʷə- | *wA | *u̯oː/*ʁwVː |
| 1pl-i | *way[6] | *-χːa | *χːə- | *iλiː | *łiː- (?) | *šʲə/tːa/χːa[7] | *Läː |
| 1pl-e | *tχu-[8] | *žu | *žʲə | *išiː | *z⇨ʲə- | *ži | |
| 2pl | *šu- | *-šːa/zu | *žʷə | *bišːdi | *z⇨ʷə- | *sʷV | *źwe |
Abbreviations: PN = Proto-Nakh, PDL = Proto-Dargi-Lak, PLK = Proto-Lezgic-Khinalugh, PAAT = Proto-Avar–Andic–Tsezic, PNEC = Proto-Northeast Caucasian, PNWC = Proto-Northwest Caucasian, PNC = Proto-North Caucasian; i = inclusive, e = exclusive
| Number | PNEC (S) | PNEC (N) | PNWC (Ch) | PNWC (Co) | PNC (S) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *c(h)a | #c(ʕ)V | *za | *cHǝ̆ | |
| 2 | *qʷ’a | *t’qʷ’a | *t’q’o | *q̇Hwǟ | |
| 3 | *ɬeb (?) | *λ:ə | *(y-)x̂ə/a | *ƛHĕ | |
| 4 | *əmq(ʷ)’i | *p’λ’a | *hĕmq̇ɨ | ||
| 5 | *x̂ʷə | #(W)=ƛƛi/ƛƛwi | *sx̂ʷə | *(w-/y-)ćx̂ə | *f_ɦä̆ |
| 6 | *renɬə- | *ɬʷə | *(w-)x̂cə | *ʔrǟnƛ_E | |
| 7 | *u̯ərδ (?) | *bδə | *ʡĕrŁ_ɨ̆ | ||
| 8 | *mbərδ | --- | *(w-/y-)ɣə/a | *bǖnŁ_e (˜-a) | |
| 9 | *wərč’ | *bğʷʲə | *-ɣə́ | *ʔĭlć̣wɨ | |
| 10 | *wəc’ | *bć’ʷə | *(p-/w-)źə́/źá | *ʡĕnc̣Ĕ |
Abbreviations: PNEC (S) = Schulze, PNEC (N) = Nichols, PNWC (Ch) = Chirikba, PNWC (Co) = Colarusso, PNC (S) = Starostin & Nikolayev
نقد
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "شمال القوقاز". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب ت Nikolayev, S., and S. Starostin. 1994 North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk Press. Available online.
- ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ^ PN = Proto-Nakh, PDL = Proto-Lak-Dargwa, PLK = Proto-Lezghian-Khinalug, PAAT = Proto-Avar-Andi-Tsezic, PNEC = Proto-Northeast Caucasian, PNWC = Proto-Northwest Caucasian, PNC = Proto-North Caucasian
- ^ Wolfgang Schulze 2007 [1996]. Personalität in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen. (190 pp.). Munich Working Papers in Cognitive Typology
- ^ Schulze considers this to be a loanword from Proto-Indo-European
- ^ Ubykh/Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian/Proto-Abkhaz–Tapant. These forms are difficult to reconcile.
- ^ Probably the original 1st plural inclusive.
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