المصلحة الوطنية للمنتزهات

Coordinates: 38°53′40″N 77°02′33″W / 38.8944°N 77.0426°W / 38.8944; -77.0426
(تم التحويل من National Park Service)
لمعلومات عن the national agency in the Republic of China، انظر National Park Service (Taiwan).
National Park Service
US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg
National Park Service arrowhead insignia
Guidon of the United States National Park Service.svg
Guidon of the National Park Service
وكالة استعراض
تشكلتأغسطس 25, 1916; 109 years ago (1916-08-25)
الاختصاصUnited States
المقر الرئيسي
الموظفونAbout 20,000 (2022)[1]
(279,000 volunteers in 2019)[1]
الميزانية السنوية$3.265 billion (FY2022)[2]
تنفيذي الوكالة
الوزارة الأمUnited States Department of the Interior
الوثيقة المفتاحية
الخريطة
NPS UnifiedRegionsMap2020.png

خدمة المتنزهات القوميّة أو مصلحة المنتزهات الوطنية (بالإنجليزية: National Park Service) هي وكالة حكومة الولايات المتحدة ضمن وزارة الداخلية الأمريكية. تدير الوكالة جميع المتنزهات القومية ومعظم المعالم الوطنية وغيرها من الممتلكات التاريخية والثقافية والطبيعية. لقد أنشأ الكونغرس الأمريكي هذه الوكالة في 25 أغسطس 1916 من خلال قانون تأسيس خدمة المتنزهات القومية.

توظف الوكالة حوالي 20 ألف شخص في أكثر من 400 وحدة تغطي مساحة تزيد عن 340،000 كم مربع في جميع الولايات الـ 50 وكولومبيا وأراضي الولايات المتحدة. وتتلقى الوكالة زيارات سنويّة تزيد عن 300 مليون زائر.

تُكلَّف الوكالة بالمحافظة على التكامل البيئي والتاريخي للمناطق الموكلة إليها، وتوفير الفرصة للجمهور لاستخدام هذه المواقع والاستمتاع بها.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of the National Park Service
انظر أيضاً: National Park Service Organic Act
In 1916, a portfolio of nine major parks was published to generate interest. Printed on each brochure was a map showing the parks and principal railroad connections.
In 1934, a series of ten postage stamps was issued to commemorate the reorganization and expansion of the National Park Service.
NPS Preliminary Survey party, Great Smoky Mountains, 1931

نشأت فكرة إنشاء المتنزهات الوطنية من رغبة المجتمع في حماية المواقع الخاصة من أجل استمتاع الزوار الحاضرين والمستقبليين. ومنذ تخصيص متنزه يلوستون الوطني عام 1872، تطور مفهوم ما يشكل متنزهًا وطنيًا بشكل كبير. فقد ركز المفهوم الأصلي على العجائب الطبيعية، ولكنه توسع لاحقًا ليشمل المواقع التي توثق التاريخ الإنساني وتعزز التعليم وتحسن جودة الحياة.

كان الفنان جورج كاتلين أول من اقترح عام 1832 إنشاء المتنزهات القومية لحماية الحضارة الهندية والحياة البرية والمناطق الطبيعية البكر تحسبًا لوصول التوسع الغربي. وأُنشئ أول متنزه وطني في العالم وهو متنزه يلوستون الوطني عام 1872 بعد حملة قادها الفنانون والمستكشفون لجذب اهتمام الكونجرس بالمنطقة.

كان المايكل أثر هو صاحب الفكرة بإنشاء وكالة مستقلة للإشراف على هذه المناطق، فقام بحملة إعلامية مكثفة مع الصحفي روبرت ستيرلنغ يارد للترويج للمناطق الطبيعية حتى أقر الكونجرس قانون إنشاء خدمة المتنزهات القومية في 25 أغسطس سنة 1916، وعُيّن أثر أول مدير للوكالة.

نظام المنتزهات الوطنية

انظر أيضاً: List of the United States National Park System official units and List of areas in the United States National Park System
للمزيد من المعلومات: African-American Heritage Sites, Hispanic Heritage Sites, Native American Heritage Sites (National Park Service), and Women's history sites (National Park Service)
Grand Canyon National Park, south rim of canyon.

The National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service, which have a wide variety of titles or designations. The system as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of the United States, and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to as "crown jewels".[3]

The system encompasses approximately 85.1 million acre (0.344 million km2), of which 2.6 million acre (0.011 million km2) remain in private ownership. The largest unit is Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. At 13,200,000 acres (53,000 km2), it is over 16 percent of the entire system. The smallest unit in the system is Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, Pennsylvania, at 0.02 acres (80 m2).

In addition to administering its units and other properties, the NPS also provides technical and financial assistance to several affiliated areas authorized by Congress. The largest affiliated area is New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve at 1,164,025 acres (4711 km2). The smallest is Benjamin Franklin National Memorial at less than 0.01 acre (40 m2).

While there are laws generally covering all units of the National Park System, they are subject to management policies of individual pieces of authorizing legislation or, in the case of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act, Executive Order. For example, because of provisions within their enabling legislation, Congaree National Park is almost entirely a wilderness area devoid of development, yet Yosemite allows unique developments such as the Badger Pass Ski Area and the O'Shaughnessy Dam within its boundaries. Such irregularities would not be found in other parks unless specifically provided for with exceptions by the legislation that created them.

الأملاك

النوع Amount (2008)[4]
مساحة الأراضي 84،000،000 acre 340،000 km2
مساحة المحيطات والبحيرات والخزانات 4،502،644 acre 18،222 km2
Length of perennial rivers and streams 85،049 mi 136،873 km
مواقع أثرية
68,561
طول السواحل 43،162 mi 69،463 km
منشآت تاريخية
27,000
Objects in museum collections
121,603,193
مباني
21,000
مدقات 12،250 mi 19،710 km
طرق 8،500 mi 13،700 km

المسميات

The NPS uses over 20 different titles for the park units it manages, including national park and national monument.[5]

Classifications (2023)[6] Number (2024) Area (2023)[7] Visitors (2023)[8]
National Park
63
52،520،984.26 acre (212،545 km2)
92,390,204
National Monument
87
1،993،636.12 acre (8،068 km2)
13,786,614
National Lakeshore (3) and National Seashore (10)
13
810،799.10 acre (3،281 km2)
25,763,241
National Memorial
31
10،499.77 acre (42 km2)
41,152,084
National Preserve (19) and National Reserve (2)
21
24،617،971.50 acre (99،625 km2)
5,168,136
National Recreation Area
18
3،710،771.17 acre (15،017 km2)
51,443,904
National River (4) and National Wild and Scenic River (10)
14
696،717.08 acre (2،820 km2)
5,570,302
National Parkway
4
183،952.75 acre (744 km2)
32,316,093
National Historical Park (63), National Historic Site (76), and International Historic Site (1)
140
231،558.77 acre (937 km2)
35,738,635
National Military Park (9), National Battlefield Park (4), National Battlefield Site (1), and National Battlefield (11)
25
85،009.53 acre (344 km2)
8,568,423
National Scenic Trail
6
255،177.96 acre (1،033 km2)
 Not available
Other Designations
11
38،889.24 acre (157 km2)
7,619,103
الإجماليات
433
85،155،967.25 acre (344،614 km2)
319,516,739

National parks preserve nationally and globally significant scenic areas and nature reserves.

National monuments preserve a single unique cultural or natural feature. Devils Tower National Monument was the first in 1906. While the National Park Service holds the most national monuments, a monument may be managed or co-managed by a different entity such as the Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service.

National preserves are for the protection of certain resources and operate similar to many National Parks, but allow limited resource extraction. Activities like hunting, fishing, and some mining may be allowed depending on the site. Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Thicket National Preserve were created in 1974 as the first national preserves.

National reserves are similar to national preserves, but the operational authority can be placed with a state or local government. New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve was the first to be established in 1978.[9]

Customs House at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem, Massachusetts

National historic sites protect a significant cultural resource that is not a complicated site.

National historical parks are larger areas with more complex subjects. Historic sites may also be protected in other unit types. قالب:National Historical Parks of the United States

Winter at the Gettysburg Battlefield

National military parks, battlefield parks, battlefield sites, and battlefields preserve areas associated with military history. The different designations reflect the complexity of the event and the site. Many of the sites preserve important Revolutionary War battles and Civil War battlefields. Military parks are the sites of larger actions, such as Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Vicksburg National Military Park, Gettysburg National Military Park, and Shiloh National Military Park—the original four from 1890.

Examples of battlefield parks, battlefield sites, and national battlefields include Richmond National Battlefield Park, Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, and Antietam National Battlefield.

National memorials are areas that officially memorialize a person or event, though unlike a National Historical Site, may or may not be placed at a specific historical location. Several national memorials are on the National Mall, such as the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.

National seashores and national lakeshores offer preservation of the national coast line, while supporting water–based recreation. Cape Hatteras National Seashore was created in 1937. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, created in 1966, were the first national lakeshores.

National rivers and wild and scenic riverways protect free-flowing streams over their length. The riverways may not be altered with dams, channelization, or other changes. Recreational pursuits are encouraged along the waterways. Ozark National Scenic Riverways was established in 1964. قالب:SeashoreLakes

National recreation areas originally were units surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams built by other federal agencies, the first being Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Some national recreation areas are in urban centers, such as Gateway National Recreation Area and Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which encompass significant cultural as well as natural resources. قالب:USNRAs

The National Trails System preserves long-distance routes across America. The system was created in 1968 and consists of two major components: National scenic trails are long-distance trails through some of the most scenic parts of the country. They received official protection in 1968. The Appalachian Trail is the best known. National historic trails commemorate the routes of major historic events. Some of the best known are the Trail of Tears, the Mormon Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail. These trails are administered by several federal agencies. قالب:TrailSystem

تصنيفات خاصة

Wilderness areas are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, which consists of federally managed lands that are of a pristine condition, established by the Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577) in 1964. The National Wilderness Preservation System originally created hundreds of wilderness zones within already protected federally administered property, consisting of over 9 million acres (36,000 km2).

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) began with Executive Order 13158 in May 2000, when official MPAs were established for the first time.[10] The initial listing of U.S. areas was presented in 2010, consisting of areas already set aside under other legislation. The NPS has 19 park units designated as MPAs.[10]

الإدارة

تتكون الإدارة المركزية للوكالة من 11 إدارة في واشنطن بالإضافة إلى سبع مكاتب إقليمية في أنحاء الولايات المتحدة.

ويرأس الوكالة مدير يُعيّنه رئيس الولايات المتحدة بعد موافقة مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي.

المتنزهات القومية

تضم المتنزهات القومية مساحات شاسعة تحافظ على المناظر الطبيعية والاحتياطيات البيئية ذات الأهمية الوطنية والعالمية. ولا يمكن إنشاء المتنزهات القومية إلا بقانون من الكونجرس. توجد 63 متنزهًا قوميًا في الولايات المتحدة أبرزها متنزه يلوستون الوطني ومتنزه يوسيميتي الوطني ومتنزه غراند كانيون الوطني.

المعالم الوطنية

تحمي المعالم الوطنية ميزة ثقافية أو طبيعية فريدة من نوعها. ويبلغ عددها 84 معلمًا وطنيًا، منها نصب الحرية وجبل رشمور.

الإرث الوطني

يوجد 55 منطقة تراث وطني تروي قصصًا محلية مهمة. وهي ليست وحدات تابعة لخدمة المتنزهات القومية وإنما تديرها الولايات أو منظمات غير ربحية محلية.

الأنهار والمسطحات المائية

هناك 13 شاطئًا وطنيًا وبحيرة وطنية توفر فرصة للترفيه المائي. كما توجد 14 نهرًا وطنيًا ووادٍ وطني بري يحافظان على الأنهار الطبيعية.

المتنزهات التاريخية

هناك 139 موقعًا تاريخيًا وطنيًا ومتنزهًا وطنيًا يروي التاريخ الأمريكي.

ساحات المعارك

تحتفظ 25 ساحة معركة وطنية بتراث أمة الحرب.

المسارات

تشمل المسارات الوطنية ستة مسارات شاهدة وطنية طويلة المدى مثل المسار التاريخي للدمى الخشبية و32 مسارًا تراثيًا وطنيًا ومسارًا مائيًا وطنيًا.

Related acts

See also

People

Individuals

Roles

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Further reading

References

  1. ^ أ ب "Frequently Asked Questions". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on أبريل 18, 2022. Retrieved يوليو 19, 2021.
  2. ^ Laura B. Comay (May 19, 2022). National Park Service: FY2022 Appropriations. Congressional Research Service. p. 1. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11928. Retrieved on May 25, 2022. 
  3. ^ Lee, Ronald F.; Family Tree of the National Park System; Eastern National Parks, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1972; pg 9–12
  4. ^ National Park Service, 2008 Director's Report; National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; Washington, D.C.; 2009
  5. ^ "National Park System (U.S. National Park Service)". نوفمبر 4, 2020. Archived from the original on أبريل 20, 2022. Retrieved مايو 14, 2018.
  6. ^ The National Parks: Index 2009–2011, Official Index of the National Park Service, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.; March 1, 2009
  7. ^ "AcreageReports - Land and Water Conservation Fund". U.S. National Park Service (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved يناير 4, 2024.
  8. ^ "Stats Report Viewer". irma.nps.gov. Retrieved فبراير 23, 2024.
  9. ^ National Park Service: "New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve". [1]. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  10. ^ أ ب Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 100; Tuesday, May 25, 2010; pg 29317

Sources

  • Albright, Horace M. (as told to Robert Cahn). The Birth of the National Park Service. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1985.
  • Albright, Horace M, and Marian Albright Schenck. Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.
  • Berkowitz, Paul D. (2017). The Ranger Image and Noble Cause Corruption in the National Park Service. Walterville Oregon: Trine Day Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63424-126-7.
  • Berkowitz, Paul D., The Case of the Indian Trader, University of New Mexico Press ISBN 978-0-8263-4860-9, ISBN 978-0-8263-4859-3, 2011.
  • Dilsaver, Lary M., ed. America's National Park System: The Critical Documents. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994.
  • Everhardt, William C. The National Park Service. New York: Praeger, 1972.
  • Forrant, Robert and Mary-Anne Trasciatti, eds. Where Are the Workers? Labor’s Stories at Museums and Historic Sites. University of Illinois Press, 2022.
  • Foresta, Ronald A. America's National Parks and Their Keepers. Washington: Resources for the Future, 1985.
  • Freemuth, John. Islands Under Siege: National Parks and the Politics of External Threats. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1991.
  • Garrison, Lemuel A;. The Making of a Ranger. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983.
  • Gartner, Bob; Exploring Careers in the National Parks. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 1993
  • Hartzog, George B. Jr; Battling for the National Parks; Moyer Bell Limited; Mt. Kisco, New York; 1988
  • Ise, John. Our National Park Policy: A Critical History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961.
  • Lee, Ronald F.; Family Tree of the National Park System; Eastern National Parks, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1972
  • Lowery, William. Repairing Paradise: The Restoration of Nature in America's National Parks. Washington: Brookings, 2009
  • Mackintosh, Barry. The National Parks: Shaping the System. Washington: National Park Service, 1991.
  • National Parks for the 21st Century; The Vail Agenda; The National Park Foundation, 1991
  • National Park Service Almanac, Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson: Rocky Mountain Region, National Park Service, 1991, revised 2006
  • The National Parks: Shaping The System; National Park Service, Washington D.C. 1991.
  • Rettie, Dwight F.; Our National Park System; University of Illinois Press; Urbana, Illinois; 1995
  • Ridenour, James M. The National Parks Compromised: Pork Barrel Politics and America's Treasures. Merrillville, IN: ICS Books, 1994.
  • Rothman, Hal K. Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
  • Runte, Alfred. National Parks, the American Experience, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.
  • Sellars, Richard West. Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
  • Shankland, Robert; Steve Mather of the National Parks; Alfred A. Knopf, New York; 1970
  • Sontag, William H. National Park Service: The First 75 Years. Philadelphia: Eastern National Park & Monument Assn., 1991.
  • Sutter, Paul. 2002. Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement. Seattle: University of Washington press. ISBN 978-0-295-98219-9.
  • Swain, Donald. Wilderness Defender: Horace M. Albright and Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
  • Udall, Stewart L., The Quiet Crisis. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963.
  • Wirth, Conrad L. Parks, Politics, and the People. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

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Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بالمصلحة الوطنية للمنتزهات، في معرفة الاقتباس.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for United States national parks.

38°53′40″N 77°02′33″W / 38.8944°N 77.0426°W / 38.8944; -77.0426 قالب:TrailSystem

المقالة الرئيسية لهذا التصنيف هي article.


This category includes all agencies of the الحكومة الفدرالية للولايات المتحدة. For all agencies within the United States, including non-federal agencies، انظر حكومة الولايات المتحدة
حكومة الولايات المتحدة تصنيف:البيئة في الولايات المتحدة تصنيف:1916 في الولايات المتحدة

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