وليام كلن

وليام كلن
وليام كلن
وُلِدَ	15 ابريل 1710 هاملتون، Lanarkshire
توفي	5 فبراير 1790 إدنبرة، اسكتلندا
الجنسية	اسكتلندي
المدرسة الأم	جامعة گلاسگو جامعة إدنبرة
اللقب	teaching at the Edinburgh Medical School, author of popular medical textbook First Lines of the Practice of Physic, شخصية في التنوير الاسكتلندي ومثل أعلى لـ جوسف بلاك
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	الطب, الكيمياء، الزراعة
طلاب الدكتوراه	جوسف بلاك, Benjamin Rush, John Morgan، George Fordyce, William Withering, John Haygarth, John Moore, John Brown, Robert Willan, Sir Gilbert Blane, John Coakley Lettsom

وليام كلن William Cullen (و. 15 ابريل 1710 – ت. 5 فبراير 1790)، زميل في الجمعية الملكية FRSE FRCPE FPSG طبيب وكيميائي صيدلي وزراعي اسكتلندي، وهو واحد من أهم الأساتذة في كلية الطب إدنبرة كان أول من أعطى محاضرات جامعية متخصصة في الكيمياء، وكان ذلك في جامعة گلاسگو.

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 قراءات أخرى

 Basic Biographical Sources

• Thomson, John. An Account of the Life, Lectures and Writings of William Cullen, M.D. Volume 1. William Blackwood & T. Cadell, 1832.
• Thomson, John; Thomson, William; Craigie, David. An Account of the Life, Lectures and Writings of William Cullen, M.D. Volume 2. William Blackwood & Sons, 1859. This book, in conjunction with its predecessor (see previous reference), is the standard biography of William Cullen's life and thought.
• Doig, A., Ferguson, J. P. S., Milne, I. A., and Passmore, R (Editors). William Cullen and the Eighteenth Century Medical World. Edinburgh University Press, 1993. This collection of edited essays is the most recent, full-length work on the life and thought of William Cullen. It was the result of an exhibition and symposium at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1990 to commemorate the bicentenary of Cullen's death.
• Bynum, W. F.. "William Cullen (1710-1790)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6874.
• تحوي هذه المقالة معلومات مترجمة من الطبعة الحادية عشرة لدائرة المعارف البريطانية لسنة 1911 وهي الآن من ضمن الملكية العامة.

 وليام كولن والكيمياء

• Donovan, Arthur L. Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black. Edinburgh: University Press, 1975.
• J V Golinski, "Utility and Audience in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry: Case Studies of William Cullen and Joseph Priestley," The British Journal for the History of Science (1988): 1-31.
• Christie JR (1994). "Historiography of chemistry in the eighteenth century: Hermann Boerhaave and William Cullen". Ambix. 41 (1): 4–19. PMID 11616322.

 وليام كولن والطب

• Crellin JK (1971). "William Cullen: his calibre as a teacher, and an unpublished introduction to his A Treatise of the Materia Medica, London, 1773". Medical History. 15 (1): 79–87. PMC 1034117. PMID 4929623. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Johnstone RW (1959). "William Cullen". Medical History. 3 (1): 33–46. PMC 1034445. PMID 13632206. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• McGirr EM (1991). "William Cullen MD (1710–1790)". Scottish Medical Journal. 36 (1): 6. PMID 2031172. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• McGirr EM, Stoddart W (1991). "Changing theories in 18th-century medicine. The inheritance and legacy of William Cullen". Scottish Medical Journal. 36 (1): 23–6. PMID 2031170. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Risse GB (1974). "'Doctor William Cullen, physician, Edinburgh': a consultation practice in the Eighteenth Century". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 48 (3): 338–51. PMID 4618142.
• "William Cullen (1710–1790)". JAMA. 188: 388–9. 1964. PMID 14114029. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Cramer M, De Morsier G (1976). "Teachings of the physican William Cullen of Edinburg (1712–1790) transcribed by his student physician Louis Odier of Geneva (1748–1817)". Gesnerus (in French). 33 (3–4): 217–27. PMID 793940. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Dubois JC (1985). "Neuroses and practical medicine in the works of William Cullen". Annales Médico-psychologiques (in French). 143 (6): 572–7. PMID 3909876. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Risse GB (1973). "William Cullen and child care. A 1788 letter". Clio Medica. 8 (1): 65–7. PMID 4129567. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Stott R (1986). "William Cullen and Edinburgh medicine: a reappraisal". The Society for the Social History of Medicine Bulletin. 38: 7–9. PMID 11612030. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Stott R (1987). "Health and virtue: or, how to keep out of harm's way. Lectures on pathology and therapeutics by William Cullen c. 1770". Medical History. 31 (2): 123–42. PMC 1139708. PMID 3550326. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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 وصلات خارجية

• The Consultation Letters of Dr William Cullen (1710-1790), University of Glasgow
• Papers of William Cullen at Special Collections, the University of Glasgow
• Papers of William Cullen at the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh
• An online exploration of the life and thought of William Cullen: williamcullen.net
• Extracts from Senatus Minutes, University of Glasgow
• Biography by W. P. Doyle at University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry
• Biography, qualifications, sources at Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology & the Environment
• Archival material relating to وليام كلن listed at the UK National Register of Archives