

وبينار	مصادر	صور	الأخبار	فيديو

هل تعلم

أن ذباب الفاكهة يهرم سريعاً بعد مشاهدة الموت.

أن إنسلادوس، قمر زحل، يمكن الحياة فيه، لوجود محيط مائي يحتوي الفسفور.

أن قلب طائر الطنان يدق 1.000 مرة في الدقيقة.

أن يمكن للبومة تدوير رأسها وعنقها 270°، مع 17 فقرة عنقية مقارنة بسبع فقرات لدى البشر.

أن أول عملة ورقية طُورت في الصين بالقرن 7، إلا أن العملات الورقية لم تظهر حتى القرن 11.

أن الدنا البشري إذا تمدد سيصل إلى القمر 6.000 مرة.

أن سويسرا تستهلك أكبر كمية من الشوكولاتة في العالم، بمعدل 10 كج للفرد سنوياً.

لغات أخرى

أضف وصلات

مستخدم مميز

قالب:سياسات الفضاء الخارجي

سياسات الفضاء الخارجي

General

Chinese
space program

Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966-1976)
Shuguang program (1966-1972)
Chinese ASAT program (1964-)
- 2007 test
Project 921 (1992-)
Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003-)
Mars and beyond

EU space policy

Indian space policy

British
space program

Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
Outer Space Act 1986
Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009-2010)
Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
Space Industry Act 2018
UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018-2020)
2021 Integrated Review
- Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy

Truman space policy	Operation Paperclip Aerobee rocket program RAND Establishment of Cape Canaveral
Eisenhower space policy	WS-117L Project Vanguard Sputnik crisis Introduction to Outer Space 1958 NASA Act Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest Launch of Project Mercury Missile gap Launch of X-15 program
Kennedy space policy	Launch of the Mariner program Launch of the Gemini project Launch of the Apollo program "We choose to go to the Moon"
Johnson space policy	1967 Outer Space Treaty
Nixon space policy	Moon landing Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law Launch of the Space Shuttle Program Skylab
Ford space policy	Apollo–Soyuz Launch of the Viking program
Carter space policy
Reagan space policy	Citizen's Advisory Council Strategy of Technology doctrine Strategic Defense Initiative Space Station Freedom proposal 1984 Space Act 1985 anti-satellite missile test Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Rogers Report Ride Report
George H. W. Bush space policy	Space Exploration Initiative 1990 Augustine Committee Hubble National Space Council
Clinton space policy	Faster, better, cheaper Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ISS Shuttle-Mir Program ISS Program Politics Launch of the Mars Exploration Program 1998 Space Act Decadal Planning Team Launch of the X-37 program
George W. Bush space policy	Aerospace Industry Commission 2002 National missile defense directive Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Vision for Space Exploration Aldridge Commission ESAS 2005 NASA Act Launch of the Constellation program Operation Burnt Frost
Obama space policy	2009 Augustine Committee Kennedy Space Center speech Cancellation of the Constellation program Launch of the Space Launch System program Redesign of the Orion program Flexible path Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 2010 NASA Act Title 51 Space Shuttle retirement Development of the Commercial Crew Program 2014 NASA Act 2015 Space Act
Trump space policy	Re-establishment of the National Space Council Creation of the Space Force Launch of the Artemis program Launch of the Lunar Gateway project Executive Order 13959
Biden space policy
General	China exclusion policy of NASA International Traffic in Arms Regulations Full-spectrum dominance doctrine Budget of NASA House Committee on Space Office of Space Commerce

USSR and Russia

Soviet
space
program

Stalin	Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
Khrushchev	Sputnik program Sputnik crisis (1957) Vostok program (1960-1963) Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960-1982) Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961-1976) Voskhod program (1964-1966)
Brezhnev	Soyuz program (1967-) Interkosmos (1967-1991) Salyut program (1971-1986) Almaz (1973-1977) Buran program (1974-1993) Apollo–Soyuz (1975)
Gorbachev	Mir (1986-2001)

Russian
space
program

Yeltsin	Creation of the Russian Federal Space Agency Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ISS (1993-) Shuttle-Mir program ISS Program Politics
Putin
Medvedev	Medvedev modernisation programme 2010 Military doctrine
Putin	United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013-2015) 2014 Military doctrine 2015 Creation of Roscosmos Mars MARS-500 study ExoMars

Other policies

United Nations

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Rescue Agreement (1968)
Space Liability Convention (1972)
US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
Satellite Convention (1974)
Registration Convention (1975)
Bogota Declaration (1976)
Moon Treaty (1979)
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
Artemis Accords (2020)
Space jurisdiction
Common heritage of mankind
Extraterrestrial real estate

Space forces, units and formations	Space forces China France Iran Russia US History Structure Ranks and insignia Space commands France India NATO NORAD UK US
Space warfare	Space domain awareness Space weapon Anti-satellite weapon China India Russia US Kinetic bombardment Kill vehicle Missile defense Military satellite Reconnaissance satellite Spaceplane Satellite jamming

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