قائمة الجزيئات فى الفضاء بين النجوم

الجزئ بين نجمي molecules in interstellar space هو جزيء يوجد في السدم السماوية وتطلق الجزيئات موجات راديوية يمكن التقاطها من خلال التلسكوبات ز وهناك أكثر من خمسين من الجزيئات معروفة في الكون وإن كثيرا منها يحتوي على كربون.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

كشفها

جزيئات

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.[1]

ثنائي الذرة

Molecule Designation Ions
AlCl Aluminium monochloride[2][3] —
AlF Aluminium monofluoride[4][2] —
AlO Aluminium monoxide[5] —
C2 Carbon dimer[6][7] —
— Fluoromethylidynium CF+[8]
CH Methylidyne radical[9] CH+[10]
CN Cyanogen radical[11][12][2][9] —
CO Carbon monoxide[2] CO+[13]
CP Carbon monophosphide[12] —
CS Carbon monosulfide[2] —
FeO Iron(II) oxide[14] —
H2 Molecular hydrogen[15] —
HCl Hydrogen chloride[16] —
HF Hydrogen fluoride[17] —
HN Nitrogen monohydride[18] —
HO Hydroxyl radical[2] —
KCl Potassium chloride[2][3] —
N2 Molecular nitrogen[19] —
NO Nitric oxide[20] —
NS Nitrogen sulfide[2] —
NaCl Sodium chloride[2][3] —
O2 Molecular oxygen[21] —
PN Phosphorus nitride[22] —
PO Phosphorus monoxide[23] —
SH Sulfur hydride[24] SH+[25]
SO Sulfur monoxide[2] SO+[10]
SiC Carborundum[26][2] —
SiN Silicon mononitride[2] —
SiO Silicon monoxide[2] —
SiS Silicon monosulfide[2] —
The H3+ cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.[27][28]

ثلاثي الذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
AlNC Aluminum isocyanide[2] —
C3 Tricarbon[7] —
C2H Ethynyl radical[2][11] —
C2O Dicarbon monoxide[29] —
C2S Thioxoethenylidene[30] —
C2P [31] —
CO2 Carbon dioxide[32] —
— Protonated molecular hydrogen H3+[33][34]
H2C Methylene[35] —
H2O Water[36] —
H2S Hydrogen sulfide[2] —
HCN Hydrogen cyanide[37][2][11] —
HCO Formyl radical[38] HCO+[39][38][10]
HCP Phosphaethyne[40] —
— Thioformyl HCS+[39][10]
HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[41] —
— Diazenylium HN2+[39]
HNO Nitroxyl[42] —
— Isoformyl HOC+[11]
KCN Potassium cyanide[2] —
MgCN Magnesium cyanide[2] —
MgNC Magnesium isocyanide[2] —
NH2 Amino radical[43] —
— — N2H+[44][10]
N2O Nitrous oxide[45] —
NaCN Sodium cyanide[2] —
OCS Carbonyl sulfide[46] —
SO2 Sulfur dioxide[47][2] —
c-SiC2 c-Silicon dicarbide[2][26] —
SiCN Silicon carbonitride[48] —
SiNC Silicon naphthalocyanine[49] —
Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.[50]

أربع ذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
l-C3H Propynylidyne[51][2]  —
c-C3H Cyclopropynylidyne[52] —
C3N Cyanoethynyl[53] C3N−[54]
C3O Tricarbon monoxide[51] —
C3S Tricarbonsulfide[2][30] —
— Hydronium H3O+[55]
C2H2 Acetylene[56] —
H2CN Methylene amidogen[57] H2CN+[10]
H2CO Formaldehyde[58] —
H2CS Thioformaldehyde[59] —
HCCN —[60]  —
— Protonated hydrogen cyanide HCNH+[39]
— Protonated carbon dioxide HOCO+[61]
HCNO Fulminic acid[62] —
HNCO Isocyanic acid[47] —
HNCS Isothiocyanic acid[63] —
NH3 Ammonia[64][2] —
SiC3 Silicon tricarbide[2]  —
Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.[65]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

خمس ذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
C5 —[7]  —
CH4 Methane[66][56] —
c-C3H2 Cyclopropenylidene[67][68][11] —
l-H2C3 Propadienylidene[68] —
H2CCN Cyanomethyl[69] —
H2C2O Ketene[47] —
H2CNH Methylenimine[70] —
— Protonated formaldehyde H2COH+[71]
C4H Butadiynyl[2] C4H–[72]
HC3N Cyanoacetylene[73][2][11][39][68]  —
HCC-NC Isocyanoacetylene[74] —
HCOOH Formic acid[68] —
NH2CN Cyanamide[75] —
HC(O)CN Cyanoformaldehyde[76] —
SiC4 Silicon-carbide cluster[26] —
SiH4 Silane[77] —
In the ISM, the acid formamide (above) can combine with methylene to form acetamide.[78]

ست ذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
c-H2C3O Cyclopropenone[79] —
C2H4 Ethylene[56] —
CH3CN Acetonitrile[80][47] —
CH3NC Methyl isocyanide[80] —
CH3OH Methanol[47] —
CH3SH Methanethiol[81] —
l-H2C4 —[82][2]  —
— Protonated cyanoacetylene HC3NH+[39]
HCONH2 Formamide[78] —
C5H Pentynylidyne[2][30] —
HC2CHO Propynal[83] —
HC4N —[2]  —
CH2CNH Ketenimine[67] —
Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomers vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.[84]

سبع ذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
c-C2H4O Ethylene oxide[85] —
CH3C2H Methylacetylene[11] —
H3CNH2 Methylamine[86] —
CH2CHCN Acrylonitrile[47][80] —
H2CHCOH Vinyl alcohol[84] —
C6H Hexatriynyl[2][30] C6H–[87][68]
HC4CN Cyanodiacetylene[47][80][73] —
CH3CHO Acetaldehyde[2][85] —
The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.[88]

تسع ذرات

Molecule Designation Ions
CH3C4H Methyldiacetylene[89] —
CH3OCH3 Dimethyl Ether[90] —
CH3CH2CN Propionitrile[2][47][80][68] —
CH3CONH2 Acetamide[78][67] —
CH3CH2OH Trans-Ethyl Alcohol[91] —
C8H Octatetraynyl[92] C8H–[93][94]
HC7N Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene[2][64][95][96]  —
CH3CHCH2 Propylene (propene)[97]  —

عشرة ذرات

Atoms Molecule Designation Ions
10 (CH3)2CO Acetone[98][47] —
10 CH3CH2CHO Propanal[67] —
10 CH3C5N Methyl-cyano-diacetylene[67] —
11 HC8CN Cyanotetra-acetylene[2][95] —
11 C2H5OCHO Ethyl formate[99] —
11 CH3C6H Methyltriacetylene[89][67] —
11 H3COC2H5 trans-ethyl methyl ether[100][101] —
12 C6H6 Benzene[82] —
12 C3H7CN n-propyl cyanide[99] —
13 HC10CN Cyanodecapentayne[95] —

غير مؤكدة

Molecule Designation
H2NH2CCOOH Glycine[102][103]
CO(CH2OH)2 1,3-dihydroxypropanone[104]
C10H8+ Naphthalene cation[105]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أنظر أيضا

المصادر

  • مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار العلم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملايين. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |طبعة أولى coauthors= (help)
  1. ^ "The Structure of Molecular Cloud Cores". Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن هـ و ي أأ أب أت أث أج أح أخ أد أذ أر Ziurys, Lucy M. (2006). "The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: Following the origin of the elements to the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12274–12279. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602277103. PMID 16894164.
  3. ^ أ ب ت J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1987). "Metals in IRC+10216 - Detection of NaCl, AlCl, and KCl, and tentative detection of AlF". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 183 (1): L10–L12.
  4. ^ L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, T. G. Phillips (1994). "Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF". Astrophysical Journal. 433 (2): 729–732. doi:10.1086/174682.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Tenenbaum, E. D.; Ziurys, L. M. (2009). "Millimeter Detection of AlO (X2Σ+): Metal Oxide Chemistry in the Envelope of VY Canis Majoris". Astrophysica Journal. 694: L59–L63. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L59.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1995). "Hubble Space Telescope observations of C2 molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 438: 740–749. doi:10.1086/175119.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ أ ب ت G. A. Galazutdinov, F. A. Musaev, J. Krelowski (2001). "On the detection of the linear C5 molecule in the interstellar medium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 325: 1332–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04388.x. Retrieved 2007-02-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ D. A. Neufeld, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, M. G. Wolfire, J. H. Black, F. Schuller, H. S. P. Müller, S. Thorwirth, R. Güsten, S. Philipp (2006). "Discovery of interstellar CF+". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600015. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ أ ب Adams, Walter S. (1941). "Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory". Astrophysical Journal. 93: 11–23. doi:10.1086/144237. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Smith, D. (1988). "Formation and Destruction of Molecular Ions in Interstellar Clouds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 324 (1578): 257–273. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0016. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ A. Fuente, S. García-Burillo, M. Gerin, D. Teyssier, A. Usero, J. R. Rizzo, P. de Vicente (2005). "Photon-dominated Chemistry in the Nucleus of M82: Widespread HOC+ Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): L155–L158. doi:10.1086/427990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ أ ب M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo, G. Paubert, B. E. Turner (1990). "Free CP in IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 230: L9–L11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ W. B. Latter, C. K. Walker, P. R. Maloney (1993). "Detection of the Carbon Monoxide Ion (CO+) in the Interstellar Medium and a Planetary Nebula". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 419: L97. doi:10.1086/187146.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ R. S. Furuya, C. M. Walmsley, K. Nakanishi, P. Schilke, R. Bachiller (2003). "Interferometric observations of FeO towards Sagittarius B2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 409: L21–L24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031304. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Adams, Walter S. (1970). "Rocket Observation of Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen". Astrophysical Journal. 161: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/180575. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  16. ^ G. A. Blake, J. Keene, T. G. Phillips (1985). "Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 295: 501–506. doi:10.1086/163394. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ D. A. Neufeld, J. Zmuidzinas, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1997). "Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 488 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/310942.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ D. M. Meyer, K. C. Roth (1991). "Discovery of interstellar NH". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 376: L49–L52. doi:10.1086/186100. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  19. ^ "Astronomers Detect Molecular Nitrogen Outside our Solar System for the First Time". Goddard Space Flight Center. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  20. ^ D. McGonagle, W. M. Irvine, Y. C. Minh, L. M. Ziurys (1990). "Detection of nitric oxide in the dark cloud L134N". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 359: 121–124. doi:10.1086/169040. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Staff writers (March 27, 2007). "Elusive oxygen molecule finally discovered in interstellar space". Physorg.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  22. ^ L. M. Ziurys (1987). "Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 321: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/185010. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  23. ^ E. D. Tenenbaum, N. J. Woolf, L. M. Ziurys (2007). "Identification of phosphorus monoxide (X ² Pi r) in VY Canis Majoris: Detection of the first PO bond in space". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 666: L29–L32. doi:10.1086/521361.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "Identification of SH v=1 Ro-vibrational Lines in R Andromedae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "The chemistry of SH(+) in shocked interstellar gas". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ أ ب ت G. Pascoli, M. Comeau (1995). "Silicon Carbide in Circumstellar Environment". Astrophysics and Space Science. 226: 149–163. doi:10.1007/BF00626907.
  27. ^ Oka, Takeshi (2006). "Interstellar H3+". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  28. ^ T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H3+ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.
  29. ^ M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, C. Yamada, H. Kanamori, W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. Suzuki (1991). "Detection of a new carbon-chain molecule, CCO". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L39–L42. doi:10.1086/186168. Retrieved 2007-02-09.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ أ ب ت ث W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys, L. W. Avery, H. E. Matthews, P. Friberg (1988). "Newly detected molecules in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Letters and Communications. 26: 167–180. Retrieved 2007-02-09.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ D. T. Halfen, D. J. Clouthier, L. M. Ziurys (2008). "Detection of the CCP Radical (X 2Πr) in IRC +10216: A New Interstellar Phosphorus-containing Species". Astrophysical Journal. 677: L101–L104. doi:10.1086/588024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ D. C. B. Whittet, H. J. Walker (1991). "On the occurrence of carbon dioxide in interstellar grain mantles and ion-molecule chemistry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 252: 63–67. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  33. ^ Oka, Takeshi (2006). "Interstellar H3+". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171.
  34. ^ T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H3+ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.
  35. ^ J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (1995). "Confirmation of interstellar methylene". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 259–264. doi:10.1086/175070. Retrieved 2007-02-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "Europe's space telescope ISO finds water in distant places". ESO. April 29, 1997. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  37. ^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl (1971). "Observations of Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide". Astrophysical Journal. 163: L47–L52. doi:10.1086/180664. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  38. ^ أ ب M. S. Schenewerk, L. E. Snyder, A. Hjalmarson (1986). "Interstellar HCO - Detection of the missing 3 millimeter quartet". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 303: L71–L74. doi:10.1086/184655. Retrieved 2007-02-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح K. Kawaguchi, Y. Kasai, S.-I. Ishikawa, M. Ohishi, N. Kaifu, T. Amano (1994). "Detection of a new molecular ion HC3NH(+) in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 420: L95. doi:10.1086/187171.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M. (2007). "Discovery of Phosphaethyne (HCP) in Space: Phosphorus Chemistry in Circumstellar Envelopes". The Astrophysical Journal. 662 (2): L91. doi:10.1086/519561. Retrieved 2007-06-02.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ P. Schilke, C. Comito, S. Thorwirth (2003). "First Detection of Vibrationally Excited HNC in Space". The Astrophysical Journal. 582 (2): L101–L104. doi:10.1086/367628. Retrieved 2008-09-14.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, L. M. Ziurys, D. McGonagle (1991). "Interstellar HNO: Confirming the Identification". Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics 16: 407-412, San Francisco: ASP. Retrieved on 2007-02-07. 
  43. ^ E.F. van Dishoeck, D.J. Jansen, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1993). "Detection of the Interstellar NH 2 Radical". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 416: L83–L86. doi:10.1086/187076. Retrieved 2007-02-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ M. Womack, L. M. Ziurys, S. Wyckoff (1992). "A survey of N2H(+) in dense clouds - Implications for interstellar nitrogen and ion-molecule chemistry". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 387: 417–429. doi:10.1086/171094. Retrieved 2007-02-07.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder (1994). "Detection of interstellar N2O: A new molecule containing an N-O bond". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 436: L181–L184. doi:10.1086/187662. Retrieved 2007-02-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ P. F. Goldsmith, R. A. Linke (1981). "A study of interstellar carbonyl sulfide". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 245: 482–494. doi:10.1086/158824. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  47. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ L. E. B. Johansson, C. Andersson, J. Ellder, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, B. Hoglund, W. M. Irvine, H. Olofsson, G. Rydbeck (1984). "Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 130 (2): 227–256.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, A. J. Apponi, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Astronomical detection of the free radical SiCN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: L9–L12. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Detection of the SiNC radical in IRC+10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 426: L49–L52. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400074. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, B. Zuckerman, P. Palmer (1999). "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formaldehyde". Physical Review Letters. 61 (2): 77–115. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679. Retrieved 2007-02-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ أ ب W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, Å. Hjalmarson, L. E. B. Johansson, P. Thaddeus, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey (1984). "Confirmation of the Existence of Two New Interstellar Molecules: C3H and C3O". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 16: 877. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ J. G. Mangum, A. Wootten (1990). "Observations of the cyclic C3H radical in the interstellar medium". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 239: 319–325. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  53. ^ M. B. Bell, H. E. Matthews (1995). "Detection of C3N in the spiral arm gas clouds in the direction of Cassiopeia A". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 223–225. doi:10.1086/175066. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  54. ^ Thaddeus, P. (2008). "Laboratory and Astronomical Detection of the Negative Molecular Ion C3N-". The Astrophysical Journal. 677: 1132–1139. doi:10.1086/528947. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ A. Wootten, B. E. Turner, J. G. Mangum, M. Bogey, F. Boulanger, F. Combes, P. J. Encrenaz, M. Gerin (1991). "Detection of interstellar H3O(+) - A confirming line". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L79–L83. doi:10.1086/186178. Retrieved 2007-02-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ أ ب ت Betz, A. L. (1981). "Ethylene in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 244: -L105. doi:10.1086/183490.
  57. ^ M. Ohishi, D. McGonagle, W.M. Irvine, S. Yamamoto, S. Saito (1994). "Detection of a new interstellar molecule, H2CN". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 427: L51–L54. doi:10.1086/187362. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ S. Aiello, L. Morbidelli, L. Ulivi (1981). "Far UV radiation transfer and H2CO lifetime in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysics and Space Science. 80: 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF00649145. Retrieved 2007-02-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, M. K. Brewer (1991). "H2CS abundances and ortho-to-para ratios in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: 181–189. Retrieved 2007-02-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo (1991). "Astronomical detection of the HCCN radical - Toward a new family of carbon-chain molecules?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: L21–L24. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  61. ^ Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys (1988). "Observations of interstellar HOCO(+) - Abundance enhancements toward the Galactic center". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 334: 175–181. doi:10.1086/166827. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, B. Tercero, E. Roueff (2009). "Discovery of fulminic acid, HCNO, in dark clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 690: L27–L30. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L27.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ M. A. Frerking, R. A. Linke, P. Thaddeus (1979). "Interstellar isothiocyanic acid". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L143–L145. doi:10.1086/183126. Retrieved 2007-02-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ أ ب Nguyen-Q-Rieu, D. Graham, V. Bujarrabal (1984). "Ammonia and cyanotriacetylene in the envelopes of CRL 2688 and IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 138 (1): L5–L8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ A. L. Butterworth,O. Aballain, J. Chappellaz, M. A. Sephton (2004). "Combined element (H and C) stable isotope ratios of methane in carbonaceous chondrites". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 347 (3): 807–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07251.x. Retrieved 2007-02-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ J. H. Lacy, J. S. Carr, N. J. Evans, II, F. Baas, J. M. Achtermann, J. F. Arens (1991). "Discovery of interstellar methane - Observations of gaseous and solid CH4 absorption toward young stars in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 376: 556–560. doi:10.1086/170304.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Finley, Dave (August 7, 2006). "Researchers Use NRAO Telescope to Study Formation Of Chemical Precursors to Life". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
  68. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح D. Fossé, J. Cernicharo, M. Gerin, P. Cox (2001). "Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 552 (1): 168–174. doi:10.1086/320471. Retrieved 2008-09-14.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "apj552" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  69. ^ W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, S. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu, K. Kawaguchi, S. C. Madden, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, S. Saito, H. Suzuki, P. Thaddeus, B. E. Turner, S. Yamamoto, L. M. Ziurys (1988). "Identification of the interstellar cyanomethyl radical (CH2CN) in the molecular clouds TMC-1 and Sagittarius B2". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 334: L107–L111. doi:10.1086/185323. Retrieved 2007-02-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, C. H. De Vries, M. Ohishi (1997). "Hydrogenation of Interstellar Molecules: A Survey for Methylenimine (CH2NH)". Astrophysical Journal. 479: 307. doi:10.1086/303884. Retrieved 2007-02-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, T. Amano, H. Oka, W. M. Irvine, J. E. Dickens, L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi (1996). "Detection of a New Interstellar Molecular Ion, H2COH+ (Protonated Formaldehyde)". Astrophysical Journal. 471: L61. doi:10.1086/310325. Retrieved 2007-02-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M.; Agündez, M.; Kawaguchi, K.; McCarthy, M.; Thaddeus, P. (2007). "Astronomical detection of C4H<sup-, the second interstellar anion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 61 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077415. Retrieved 2007-06-02.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ أ ب C. M. Walmsley, G. Winnewisser, F. Toelle (1990). "Cyanoacetylene and cyanodiacetylene in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 81 (1–2): 245–250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ K. Kawaguchi, M. Ohishi,S.-I. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu (1992). "Detection of isocyanoacetylene HCCNC in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 386 (2): L51–L53. doi:10.1086/186290.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ B. E. Turner, H. S. Liszt, N. Kaifu, A. G. Kisliakov (1975). "Microwave detection of interstellar cyanamide". Astrophysical Journal. 201: L149–L152. doi:10.1086/181963.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, W. D. Stork, P. R. Jewell, D. S. Meier (2008). "Detection of Interstellar Cyanformaldehyde". Astrophysical Journal. 675: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/533529.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ D. M. Goldhaber, A. L. Betz (1984). "Silane in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 279: -L55–L58. doi:10.1086/184255.
  78. ^ أ ب ت J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, V. V. Ilyushin, ;I. Kleiner (2006). "Detection of Acetamide (CH3CONH2): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L25–L28. doi:10.1086/505110.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ J. M. Hollis, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). "Cyclopropenone (c-H2C3O): A New Interstellar Ring Molecule". Astrophysical Journal. 642: 933–939. doi:10.1086/501121.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ أ ب ت ث ج A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, D. F. Plusquellic, P. R. Jewell (2005). "Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences". Astrophysical Journal. 632: 333–339. doi:10.1086/432908.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1979). "Interstellar methyl mercaptan". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L139–L142. doi:10.1086/183125.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ أ ب J. Cernicharo, A. M. Heras, A. G. G. M. Tielens, J. R. Pardo, F. Herpin, M. Guélin, L. B. F. M. Waters (1997). "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C4H2, C6H2, and Benzene in CRL 618". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 546 (2): L123–L126. doi:10.1086/318871.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, D. M. Cragg, P. Friberg, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, H. Suzuki, H. Takeo (1988). "A new interstellar polyatomic molecule - Detection of propynal in the cold cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 335: L89–L93. doi:10.1086/185346.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ أ ب "Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. October 1, 2001. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  85. ^ أ ب J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, M. Ohishi, M. Ikeda, S. Ishikawa, A. Nummelin, A. Hjalmarson (1997). "Detection of Interstellar Ethylene Oxide (c-C2H4O)". The Astrophysical Journal. 489 (2): 753–757. doi:10.1086/304821.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ N. Kaifu, K. Takagi, T. Kojima (1975). "Excitation of interstellar methylamine". Astrophysical Journal. 198: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/181818.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, H. Gupta, P. Thaddeus (2006). "Laboratory and Astronomical Identification of the Negative Molecular Ion C6H-". Astrophysical Journal. 652 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/510238.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ D. M. Mehringer, L. E. Snyder, Y. Miao, F. J. Lovas (1997). "Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 480: L71. doi:10.1086/310612. Retrieved 2007-02-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ أ ب A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). "Methyltriacetylene (CH3C6H) toward TMC-1: The Largest Detected Symmetric Top". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L37–L40. doi:10.1086/504918.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, P. R. Schwartz, F. O. Clark, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, P. T. Giguere (1974). "Radio Detection of Interstellar Dimethyl Ether". Astrophysical Journal. 191: L79–L82. doi:10.1086/181554.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ B. Zuckerman, B. E. Turner, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, N. Fourikis, P. Palmer, M. Morris, A. E. Lilley, J. A. Ball, F. O. Clark (1975). "Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol". Astrophysical Journal. 196 (2): L99–L102. doi:10.1086/181753.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1996). "Discovery of the C8H radical". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 309: L26–L30.
  93. ^ H. Brünken, H. Gupta, C. A. Gottlieb, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2007). "Detection of the Carbon Chain Negative Ion C8H– in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L43–L46. doi:10.1086/520703.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, M. A. Cordiner, T. J. Millar, A. J. Markwick-Kemper, P. R. Jewell (2007). "Detection of C8H– and Comparison with C8H toward IRC +10 216". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L47–L50. doi:10.1086/520704.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  95. ^ أ ب ت M. B. Bell, P. A. Feldman, M. J. Travers, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (1997). "Detection of HC11N in the Cold Dust Cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 483 (1): L61–L64. doi:10.1086/310732.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  96. ^ H. W. Kroto, C. Kirby, D. R. M. Walton, L. W. Avery, N. W. Broten, J. M. MacLeod, T. Oka (2002). "The detection of cyanohexatriyne in Heiles's cloud 2". The Astrophysical Journal. 219: L133–L137. doi:10.1086/182623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  97. ^ N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, M. Agúndez, E. Roueff, M. Gerin, J. Martín-Pintado, R. Mauersberger and C. Thum (2007). "Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH2CHCH3): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry". Astrophysical Journal. 665: L127–L130. doi:10.1086/521398. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |author= at position 81 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, D. M. Mehringer, N. Y. Miao, Y.-J. Kuan, J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell (2002). "Confirmation of Interstellar Acetone". The Astrophysical Journal. 578 (1): 245–255. doi:10.1086/342273.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ أ ب Belloche, A.; Garrod, R. T.; Müller, H. S. P.; Menten, K. M.; Comito, C.; Schilke, P. (2009-02-26). "Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: Detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sgr B2(N)". arXiv. Retrieved 2009-04-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  100. ^ G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  101. ^ G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  102. ^ Y. J. Kuan, S.B. Charnley, H.-C. Huang, W.-L. Tseng, Z. Kisiel (2003). "Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 593 (2): 848–867. doi:10.1086/375637.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, J. M. Hollis, D. N. Friedel, P. R. Jewell, A. Remijan, V. V. Ilyushin, E. A. Alekseev, S. F. Dyubko (2005). "A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): 914–930. doi:10.1086/426677.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  104. ^ S. L. Widicus Weaver, G. A. Blake (2005). "1,3-Dihydroxyacetone in Sagittarius B2(N-LMH): The First Interstellar Ketose". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 624 (1): L33–L36. doi:10.1086/430407.
  105. ^ Iglesias-Groth, S. (2008-09-20). "Evidence for the Naphthalene Cation in a Region of the Interstellar Medium with Anomalous Microwave Emission". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 685: L55–L58. doi:10.1086/592349. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) - This spectral assignment has not been independently confirmed, and is described by the authors as "tentative" (page L58).

وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=قائمة_الجزيئات_فى_الفضاء_بين_النجوم&oldid=1727034"