سقوط الحضر
سقوط الحضر، عاصمة مملكة الحضر under Sanatruq II, took place in the 3rd century after a lengthy siege by the Sasanian king Shapur I. نـ÷هبت الحضر وهـُجِرت وانفضت مملكتها.
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خلفية
During the Roman-Persian Wars, the Kingdom of Hatra was a buffer state between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire, and the dynasty was mostly under influence of the latter. Its capital city Hatra was strongly fortified, and managed to repulse sieges by Roman emperors Trajan (in 117 AD) and Septimius Severus (in 193 and 197 AD). During the reign of Sanatruq II, the kingdom expanded, and as the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, Hatra shifted its loyalty and became a vassal kingdom of the Romans. The Sasanian king Ardashir I unsuccessfully besieged the city in 220s. Latin dedications from the year 235 in Hatra's ruins suggest there was presence of Roman army in the city in that period.[1]
الحصار وأعقابه
Modern sources put the date of Hatra's fall in 240–241 AD (or April 241 AD) per the newly discovered document Cologne Mani Codex (18.2-8), which is the year that Ardashir I crowned his son Shapur I as the co-regent. Either of these may have conquered Hatra. The siege took one year,[1][2] or two years, according to al-Tabari.[3]
After the city's conquest, it was plundered, its fortifications were destroyed, the city was deserted and never resettled, and the Kingdom of Hatra was disestablished.[4][1] In 363, Ammianus Marcellinus passed by Hatra together with the Roman army and has described it as an "old city situated in an uninhabited area and deserted for a long time past".[1]
The fall of Hatra is described in medieval Arabic and Persian traditions via stories that mix facts and fiction. The legend tells of the Hatrene princess al-Nadirah who betrayed the city to Shapur I after falling in love with him.[1]
The Sasanian capture of Hatra is thought to be the cause of the Persian war of Gordian III.[5]
المراجع
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Schmitt, Rüdiger. "HATRA". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ Ibrāhīm, Jābir Khalīl (1986). Pre-Islamic settlement in Jazirah (in الإنجليزية). Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture & Information, State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage. p. 107.
- ^ Edwell, Peter (2007). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 9781134095735.
- ^ Mid East (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 7. American Friends of the Middle East. 1967. p. 56.
- ^ Wiesehöfer, Joseph (11 August 2011). "ARDAŠĪR I i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
للاستزادة
- Marcato, Enrico (2020). "An Aramaic Incantation Bowl and the Fall of Hatra". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History. 7 (2): 133–157. doi:10.1515/janeh-2020-0004. S2CID 225421630.
- Short description matches Wikidata
- Roman–Sasanian Wars
- الحضر
- Iraq in the Roman era
- Battles of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
- 240
- 241
- 240s conflicts
- 240s in the Roman Empire
- Sasanian Empire
- Shapur I
- Sieges involving the Roman Empire
- Sieges involving the Sasanian Empire
- Sieges of Hatra
- Sieges of the Roman–Persian Wars
- 3rd century in Iran
- Looting in Asia