سقف مانسارد

الغرف العلوية في قصر ودمان في بورتلاند (مين) ، الولايات المتحدة ، بني في عام 1867

السقف المحدب (Mansard roof), في العمارة, هي الغرفة التي تقع تحت السقف مباشراً.

كانت معروفة في العصور الوسطى، واستعمل من جديد في القرن السابع عشر.

هذة الغرف يتم الحصول عليها عن طريق تصميم معين للسقف : عادي الانحدار في المنطقة ألعليا والوسطى ، وتقريبا رأسي في الجزء الخارجي (منطقة المزراب).

السمات

Mansard rooftops along Boulevard Haussmann in Paris constructed during the Second French Empire.

Two distinct traits of the mansard roof – steep sides and a double pitch – sometimes lead to it being confused with other roof types. Since the upper slope of a mansard roof is rarely visible from the ground, a conventional single-plane roof with steep sides may be misidentified as a mansard roof. The gambrel roof style, commonly seen in barns in North America, is a close cousin of the mansard. Both mansard and gambrel roofs fall under the general classification of "curb roofs" (a pitched roof that slopes away from the ridge in two successive planes).[1]

The mansard is a curb hip roof, with slopes on all sides of the building, and the gambrel is a curb gable roof, with slopes on only two sides. The curb is a horizontal, heavy timber directly under the intersection of the two roof surfaces. A significant difference between the two, for snow loading and water drainage, is that, when seen from above, gambrel roofs culminate in a long crease at the main ridge beam, whereas mansard roofs form a rectangular shaped crease, outlined by the curb beams, with a low-pitched roof inside this rectangle.[citation needed]

French roof is often used as a synonym for a mansard but is also defined as an American variation[2] of a mansard with the lower pitches nearly vertical and larger in proportion to the upper pitches.[3][4]

In France and Germany, no distinction is made between gambrels and mansards – they are both called "mansards". In the French language, mansarde can be a term for the style of roof, or for the garret living space, or attic, directly within it.[5]

ملف:Mansard-section.gif
A cross-sectional diagram of a timber-framed Mansard roof; each of its four faces has the same profile.

المزايا

The mansard style makes maximum use of the interior space of the attic and offers a simple way to add one or more storeys to an existing (or new) building without necessarily requiring any masonry.[6][7] Often the decorative potential of the mansard is exploited through the use of convex or concave curvature and with elaborate dormer window surrounds.[citation needed]

التاريخ والاستخدام

ملف:Wik 22 Szczecin Pałac Sejmu Stanów Pomorskich.jpg
The Landed Gentry House in Szczecin, Poland

الاستخدام المبكر

The style was popularised in France by architect François Mansart (1598–1666). Although he was not the inventor of the style, his extensive and prominent use of it in his designs gave rise to the term "mansard roof", an adulteration of his name.[8] The design tradition was continued by numerous architects, including Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1646–1708), his great-nephew, who is responsible for Château de Dampierre in Dampierre-en-Yvelines.[citation needed]

الإمبراطورية الثانية

ملف:Hôtel de Besenval garden façade III.jpg
The Hôtel de Besenval in Paris. The mansard roof was added in 1866.[9]

The mansard roof became popular once again during Haussmann's renovation of Paris beginning in the 1850s, in an architectural movement known as Second Empire style.[citation needed]

Second Empire influence spread throughout the world, frequently adopted for large civic structures such as government administration buildings and city halls, as well as hotels and railway stations. In the United States and Canada, and especially in New England, the Second Empire influence spread to family residences and mansions, often incorporated with Italianate and Gothic Revival elements. A mansard-topped tower became a popular element incorporated into many designs, such as Main Building (Vassar College), Poughkeepsie, New York, which shows a large mansard-roofed structure with two towers.[10][11][12][13]

القرن العشرون

ملف:Germania Life Insurance Company Building.jpg
The Germania Life Insurance Company Building in New York City, built in 1911, with a four-story mansard roof[14]

The 1916 Zoning Resolution adopted by New York City promoted the use of mansard roofs; rules requiring the use of setbacks on tall buildings were conducive to the mansard design.[15][16]

In the 1960s and 1970s, a modernised form of mansard roof, sometimes with deep, narrow windows, became popular for both residential and commercial architecture in many areas of the United States. In many cases, these are not true mansard roofs but flat on top, the sloped façade providing a way to conceal heating, ventilation and air-conditioning equipment from view. The style grew out of interest in postmodern stylistic elements and the "French eclectic" house style popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and in housing also offered a way to provide an upper storey despite height restrictions. Houses with mansard roofs were sometimes described as French Provincial; architect John Elgin Woolf popularised it in the Los Angeles area, calling his houses Hollywood Regency.[17]

النقل

The roof of two Victorian Railways hopper wagons resembled a mansard roof. The Australian Commonwealth Railways CL class locomotive also has a mansard roof.[citation needed]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Harris, Cyril M. (January 1993). Dictionary of Architecture & Construction (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070268883.
  2. ^ "French". (1998). In The Chambers Dictionary (1998 ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. 638.
  3. ^ Sturgis, R. (1902). French roof. In A dictionary of architecture and building, biographical, historical and descriptive: Vol. 3 (Vol. 3, p. 358). New York: Macmillan.
  4. ^ Whitney, W. D., & Smith, B. E. (1906). Roof. def. 6. In The Century dictionary and cyclopedia: A work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge, with a new atlas of the world (Vol. 6, p. 5221). New York: Century.
  5. ^ Le Robert & Collins (2002). Dictionnaire français-anglais [French-English Dictionary]. Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert-VUEF.
  6. ^ "Modern 'Mansard' – a flat roof on top of a slated or tiled pitch". Permadeck. Seamless Roofing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  7. ^ Report of the Commissioners to Investigate the Cause and Management of the Great Fire in Boston. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Rockwell & Churchill. 1873. p. 545. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  8. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "François Mansart". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  9. ^ Jean-Jacques Fiechter / Benno Schubiger: L’Ambassade de Suisse à Paris, Ambassade de Suisse, 2ème édition, août 1994, p. 26.
  10. ^ Walker, Les (1981). American Homes: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Domestic Architecture. Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN 9781579122522. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  11. ^ Foster, Gerald L. (2004). American Houses: A Field Guide to the Architecture of the Home. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-618-38799-1. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  12. ^ Cawthon, Richard J.; Pace, Sherry (2005). Victorian Houses of Mississippi (1st ed.). University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781617035333. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  13. ^ "Vassar College Archives". Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
  14. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission (November 18, 2008), GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA ANNEX, http://home.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4550guardian_life_desig_rep.pdf 
  15. ^ Report of the Heights of Buildings Commission to the Committee on the Height, Size and Arrangement of Buildings of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York. M.B. Brown Printing and Binding Company. 1913. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  16. ^ Commission on Buildings Districts and Restrictions: Final Report. City of New York, Board of Estimate and Apportionment, Committee on the City Plan. June 2, 1916. p. 259. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  17. ^ "Mansard: 1960–1985". Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, State of Washington. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-19.

وصلات خارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سقف_مانسارد&oldid=4374368"