ستاك أوڤرفلو

For the general term, see Stack overflow and Stack overflow (disambiguation). For the parent company, see Stack Exchange.
Stack Exchange, Inc.
Stack Overflow logo.svg
StackOverflow.com Top Questions Page Screenshot.png
Screenshot of Stack Overflow in June 2022
نوع الموقع
Knowledge market
Question and answer
متاح فيEnglish, Spanish, Russian, Portuguese, and Japanese
المالكProsus
خلقهJeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky
CEOPrashanth Chandrasekar
الموقع الإلكترونيstackoverflow.com Edit this at Wikidata
تجاريYes
التسجيلOptional
أُطلِق15 سبتمبر 2008; منذ 15 سنة (2008-09-15[1]
Content license
  • CC BY-SA 2.5 (until April 2011)
  • CC BY-SA 3.0 (until May 2018)
  • CC BY-SA 4.0
[2]
مكتوب بلغةC#[3]

Stack Overflow is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network.[4][5][6] It was created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.[7][8] It features questions and answers on a wide range of topics in computer programming.[9][10][11] It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer websites such as Experts-Exchange. Stack Overflow was sold to Prosus, a Netherlands-based consumer internet conglomerate, on 2 June 2021 for $1.8 billion.[12]

The website serves as a platform for users to ask and answer questions, and, through membership and active participation, to vote questions and answers up or down similar to Reddit and edit questions and answers in a fashion similar to a wiki.[13] Users of Stack Overflow can earn reputation points and "badges"; for example, a person is awarded 10 reputation points for receiving an "up" vote on a question or an answer to a question,[14] and can receive badges for their valued contributions,[15] which represents a gamification of the traditional Q&A website. Users unlock new privileges with an increase in reputation like the ability to vote, comment, and even edit other people's posts.[16]

اعتبارا من مارس 2021 Stack Overflow has over 14 million registered users,[17] and has received over 21 million questions and 31 million answers.[18] The site and similar programming question and answer sites have globally mostly replaced programming books for day-to-day programming reference in the 2000s, and today are an important part of computer programming.[19] Based on the type of tags assigned to questions, the top eight most discussed topics on the site are: JavaScript, Java, C#, PHP, Android, Python, jQuery, and HTML.[20]

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History

The website was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008.[7] The name for the website was chosen by voting in April 2008 by readers of Coding Horror, Atwood's popular programming blog.[21] On 31 July 2008, Jeff Atwood sent out invitations encouraging his subscribers to take part in the private beta of the new website, limiting its use to those willing to test out the new software. On 15 September 2008 it was announced that the public beta version was in session and that the general public was now able to use it to seek assistance on programming related issues. The design of the Stack Overflow logo was decided by a voting process.[22]

On 3 May 2010, it was announced that Stack Overflow had raised $6 million in venture capital from a group of investors led by Union Square Ventures.[23]

In 2019, Stack Overflow named Prashanth Chandrasekar as its chief executive officer and Teresa Dietrich as its chief product officer.[24]

In June 2021, Prosus, a Netherlands-based subsidiary of South African media company Naspers, announced a deal to acquire Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion.[25]


Security breach

In early May 2019, an update was deployed to Stack Overflow's development version. It contained a bug which allowed an attacker to grant themselves privileges in accessing the production version of the site. Stack Overflow published on their blog that approximately 184 public network users were affected by this breach, which "could have returned IP address, names, or emails".[26][27]

Content

Stack Overflow only accepts questions about programming that are tightly focused on a specific problem. Questions of a broader nature—or those inviting answers that are inherently a matter of opinion—are usually rejected by the site's users, and marked as closed. The sister site softwareengineering.stackexchange.com is intended to be a venue for broader queries, e.g. general questions about software development.[28]

Closing questions is a main differentiation from other Q&A sites like Yahoo! Answers and a way to prevent low quality questions.[29] The mechanism was overhauled in 2013; questions edited after being put "on hold" now appear in a review queue.[30] Jeff Atwood stated in 2010 that duplicate questions are not seen as a problem but rather they constitute an advantage if such additional questions drive extra traffic to the site by multiplying relevant keyword hits in search engines.[31]

All user-generated content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribute-ShareAlike license, version 2.5, 3.0, or 4.0 depending on the date the content was contributed.[2][32]

Statistics

Top StackOverflow Tags

A 2013 study has found that 75% of users only ask one question, 65% only answer one question, and only 8% of users answer more than 5 questions.[33] To empower a wider group of users to ask questions and then answer, Stack Overflow created a mentorship program resulting in users having a 50% increase in score on average.[34] As of 2011, 92% of the questions were answered, in a median time of 11 minutes.[35] Since 2013, the Stack Exchange network software automatically deletes closed questions that meet certain criteria, including having no answers in a certain amount of time.[36]

اعتبارا من أغسطس 2012, 443,000 of the 1.3 million registered users had answered at least one question, and of those, approximately 6,000 (0.46% of the total user count) had earned a reputation score greater than 5000.[37] Reputation can be gained fastest by answering questions related to tags with lower expertise density, doing so promptly (in particular being the first one to answer a question), being active during off-peak hours, and contributing to diverse areas.[37]

In 2016, 1.5 million posts were deleted, of which about 8% were deleted by moderators.[38]

Technology

Stack Overflow is written in C#[3] using the ASP.NET MVC (Model–View–Controller) framework, and Microsoft SQL Server for the database[39] and the Dapper object-relational mapper used for data access.[40] Unregistered users have access to most of the site's functionality, while users who sign in can gain access to more functionality, such as asking or answering a question, establishing a profile and being able to earn reputation to allow functionality like editing questions and answers without peer review or voting to close a question.[41]

Reception

Stack Overflow won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Community in the category Web.[42]

The site's culture has been criticized for being unfriendly, especially in the context of gender differences in participation.[43]

A study from the University of Maryland found that Android developers that used only Stack Overflow as their programming resource tended to write less secure code than those who used only the official Android developer documentation from Google, while developers using only the official Android documentation tended to write significantly less functional code than those who used only Stack Overflow.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ Spolsky, Joel (15 سبتمبر 2008). "Stack Overflow Launches". Joel on Software. Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2021. Retrieved 7 يوليو 2014.
  2. ^ أ ب "Creative Commons Licensing UI and Data Updates". Archived from the original on 23 مايو 2020. Retrieved 26 مايو 2020.
  3. ^ أ ب "Which tools and technologies are used to build the Stack Exchange Network?". Meta Stack Overflow. Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 20 مارس 2017. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  4. ^ Sewak, M.; et al. (18 مايو 2010). "Finding a Growth Business Model at Stack Overflow, Inc" (PDF). Stanford CasePublisher. Stanford University School of Engineering. Rev. 20 July 2010 (2010–204–1). 204-2010-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 أغسطس 2012. Retrieved 23 مايو 2014.
  5. ^ أ ب Jeff Atwood (16 أبريل 2008). "Introducing Stackoverflow.com". Coding Horror. Archived from the original on 3 فبراير 2010. Retrieved 11 مارس 2009.
  6. ^ Jeff Atwood (10 سبتمبر 2008). "None of Us is as Dumb as All of Us". Coding Horror. Archived from the original on 14 مارس 2009. Retrieved 11 مارس 2009.
  7. ^ Alan Zeichick (15 أبريل 2009). "Secrets of social site success". SD Times. Archived from the original on 26 أبريل 2009. Retrieved 16 أبريل 2009.
  8. ^ "Spolsky's Software Q-and-A Site". Slashdot. 16 سبتمبر 2008. Archived from the original on 16 مايو 2009. Retrieved 23 مايو 2009.
  9. ^ Joel Spolsky (25 أبريل 2009). "Google Tech Talks: Learning from StackOverflow.com". YouTube. Archived from the original on 4 مايو 2019. Retrieved 23 مايو 2009.
  10. ^ Dummett, Ben (2 يونيو 2021). "Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 يونيو 2021.
  11. ^ Jeff Atwood (21 سبتمبر 2008). "The Gamification". Coding Horror Blog. Archived from the original on 1 فبراير 2014. Retrieved 24 يناير 2011.
  12. ^ "Were Rewarding the Question Askers". Archived from the original on 16 نوفمبر 2019. Retrieved 20 نوفمبر 2019.
  13. ^ "What is reputation? How do I earn (and lose) it?". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 9 يونيو 2013. Retrieved 14 أغسطس 2010.
  14. ^ "List of privileges". Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2020. Retrieved 22 نوفمبر 2017.
  15. ^ "All Sites – Stack Exchange". stackexchange.com. Retrieved 28 مارس 2021.
  16. ^ "All Sites – Stack Exchange". stackexchange.com. Retrieved 28 مارس 2021.
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  18. ^ "Tags". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on 15 فبراير 2020. Retrieved 9 ديسمبر 2014.
  19. ^ Jeff Atwood (6 أبريل 2008). "Help Name Our Website". Coding Horror. Archived from the original on 16 أبريل 2015. Retrieved 15 يوليو 2014.
  20. ^ "J.Atwood & J.Spolsky founding stackoverflow.com – but we need a logo". 99Designs.com. 30 أبريل 2008. Archived from the original on 3 مارس 2016. Retrieved 23 مايو 2014.
  21. ^ Ha, Anthony (4 مايو 2010). "Stack Overflow raises $6M to take its Q&A model beyond programming". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 21 أبريل 2016. Retrieved 23 مايو 2014. The money we've raised means that, for the next ($6m / monthly burn rate) months, we can take on new projects, hire new people, and build new expert Q&A sites on a wide variety of new topics. Instead of opening sites in exchange for money, we're about to launch a new, democratic system where anyone can propose a Q&A site, and, if it gets a critical mass of interested people, we'll create it.
  22. ^ Fried, Ina (25 سبتمبر 2019). "Axios Login: Take Note". Axios. Archived from the original on 10 مايو 2020. Retrieved 26 فبراير 2020.
  23. ^ Dummett, Ben (2 يونيو 2021). "Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion". Wall St. Journal. Retrieved 2 يونيو 2021.
  24. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Stack Overflow says hackers breached production systems". ZDNet (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 7 ديسمبر 2019. Retrieved 22 يونيو 2019.
  25. ^ Ferguson, Mary (17 مايو 2019). "Update to Security Incident [May 17, 2019]". Stack Overflow Blog (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 11 يونيو 2022.
  26. ^ "How do I ask a good question?". Retrieved 26 أبريل 2021.
  27. ^ "Closing changes: on hold, unclear, too broad, opinion-based, off-topic reasons, bye-bye to Too Localized". meta.stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on 27 أغسطس 2019. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  28. ^ "The war of the closes". 25 يونيو 2013. Archived from the original on 3 أغسطس 2019. Retrieved 3 أغسطس 2019.
  29. ^ "Dr. Strangedupe: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying And Love Duplication". stackoverflow.com. 16 نوفمبر 2010. Archived from the original on 12 أغسطس 2016. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  30. ^ "Case Studies/StackOverflow.com". creativecommons.org. Archived from the original on 2 مايو 2015. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  31. ^ Wang, Shaowei; David Lo; Lingxiao Jiang (18–22 مارس 2013). "An Empirical Study on Developer Interactions in StackOverflow" (PDF). Singapore Management University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 فبراير 2015. Retrieved 25 فبراير 2014.
  32. ^ Ford, Denae; Lustig, Kristina; Banks, Jeremy; Parnin, Chris (2018). ""We Don'T Do That Here": How Collaborative Editing with Mentors Improves Engagement in Social Q&A Communities". Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '18. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 608:1–608:12. doi:10.1145/3173574.3174182. ISBN 9781450356206. S2CID 4758001.
  33. ^ Mamykina, Lena; Bella Manoim; Manas Mittal; George Hripcsak; Björn Hartmann (2011). "Design lessons from the fastest q&a site in the west". CHI '11 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 2857–2866. doi:10.1145/1978942.1979366. ISBN 9781450302289. S2CID 8706419. Archived from the original on 5 مارس 2014. Retrieved 25 فبراير 2014.
  34. ^ "Turbocharging the Roomba: solutions for premature deletion". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on 14 فبراير 2021. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  35. ^ أ ب Bosu, Amiangshu; Christopher S. Corley; Dustin Heaton; Debarshi Chatterji; Jeffrey C. Carver; Nicholas A. Kraft (2013). "Building Reputation in StackOverflow: An Empirical Investigation" (PDF). Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0290, USA: Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 فبراير 2015. Retrieved 11 فبراير 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  36. ^ "What posts get deleted, and why?". Meta.StackOverflow. 3 يناير 2017. Archived from the original on 20 أكتوبر 2020. Retrieved 19 مارس 2017.
  37. ^ Jeff Atwood (21 سبتمبر 2008). "What Was Stack Overflow Built With?". Stack Overflow Blog. Archived from the original on 26 أبريل 2016. Retrieved 23 مايو 2009.
  38. ^ Sam Saffron (30 مارس 2011). "How I learned to stop worrying and write my own ORM". Archived from the original on 2 أغسطس 2014. Retrieved 22 يوليو 2014.
  39. ^ "Why should I create an account? – Help Center". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 28 مارس 2021.
  40. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (20 مايو 2020). "Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards". The Verge (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 21 مايو 2020. Retrieved 22 مايو 2020.
  41. ^ Brooke, Siân. ""Condescending, Rude, Assholes": Framing gender and hostility on Stack Overflow" (PDF).
  42. ^ Y. Acar, M. Backes, S. Fahl, D. Kim, M. L. Mazurek and C. Stransky, "You Get Where You're Looking for: The Impact of Information Sources on Code Security Archived 14 فبراير 2021 at the Wayback Machine," 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, 2016, pp. 289–305. doi: 10.1109/SP.2016.25

External links

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