دير (سومر)

Coordinates: 33°7′25″N 45°55′53″E / 33.12361°N 45.93139°E / 33.12361; 45.93139
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين تل الدير.
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Tell ed-Der.
Der
Der is located in العراق
Der
Der
Shown within العراق
خطأ: إحداثيات غير صالحة.
الاسم البديلTell Aqar
المكانIraq
الإحداثيات33°7′25″N 45°55′53″E / 33.12361°N 45.93139°E / 33.12361; 45.93139
النوعsettlement
التاريخ
الفتراتEarly Dynastic thru Neo-Assyrian
ملاحظات حول الموقع
الحالةRuined
الملكيةPublic
الاتاحة للعامةYes
بلاد الرافدين في الألفية الثانية ق.م.

دير (Der ؛ بالسومرية: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki;[1] Akkadian: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki or 𒌷𒁲𒂊𒊒(𒆠) urude-e-ru(ki)) هي دولة-مدينة سومرية قديمة تسمى حاليا بتل عقار الذي يقع بالقرب من مدينة بدرة في محافظة الواسط في العراق، وتقع شرق نهر دجلة بين منطقة تقع بين بلاد سومر وبلاد عيلام. وكانت تسمى أيضا "دوروم".[2] At one time it was thought that it might have been ancient Durum (Sumerian: uruBAD3ki) but more recent scholarship has rebutted that.[3][4][5]

The principal god of Der was Ištaran. In the 1st millennium BC, he was also referred to as Anu rabû ("Great Anu") in Akkadian. The name of his temple at Der was Edimgalkalama.[6]

التاريخ

في بداية عصر الآشوري الحديث، كانت تسمى المدينة بإسم عشتاران , من خلال الحفريات بأن تاريخ وجود مدينة دير يعود إلى عصر حكم سلالة أور الثالثة، ولكن سميت بعشتاران نسبة لمعبد الالهة عشتار الذي بني فيها في ذلك الوقت والذي دمره الملك ريم-سين الأول ملك لارسا، لكن امي-ديتانا ملك بابل قام بتدمير سور المدينة، لكن دمقي-إليشو أحد ملوك أسرة القطر البحري قام بتعميرها مرة أخرى، وفي عام 720 ق.م. قاد الملك الآشوري سرجون الثاني جيشه نحو عيلام، لكن الملك العيلامي هومبان-نيكاش الأول والملك الكلداني مردوخ-أپلا-إدينا الثاني، فاجأوا الآشوريين قرب مدينة دير وتمكنوا من الانتصار عليهم.

Statue dedicated to the goddess Ninshubur of the city of Der by Enzi and his son Amar-kiku (2400 BCE), British Museum, BM 22470.[7]

البرونزي المبكر

Der was occupied from the Early Dynastic period through Neo-Assyrian times. The local deity of the city was named Ishtaran, represented on Earth by his minister, the snake god Nirah.

فترة أور الثالثة

In the late 3rd millennium, during the reign of Sulgi of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Der was mentioned twice. The Sulgi year name 11 was named "Year Ishtaran of Der was brought into his temple", and year 21 was named "Year Der was destroyed". During the time of Amar-Sin, when the king launched a long military campaign against Huhnuri, prince Shu-Sin, crown prince, left his post in Der to return and hold Ur.[8]

البرونزي الأوسط

In the second millennium, Der was mentioned in a tablet discovered at Mari sent by Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad; the tablet includes a reminder to Yasub-Yahad king of Der about the military help given to him for fifteen years by Yarim-Lim, followed by a declaration of war against the city in retaliation for what Yarim-Lim described as evil deeds committed by Yasub-Yahad.[9] Rim-Sin I of Larsa reported destroying Der in his 20th year. Ammi-Ditana of Babylon also recorded destroying the city wall of Der in his 37th year, that he said had been built earlier by Damqi-ilishu of the Sealand Dynasty.

In an inscription little known early Old Babylonian period ruler of Der, Ilum-muttabbil, claimed defeating the armies of Anshan, Elam, and Simaski, in alliance with Marhaši.[10]

العصر الحديدي

In 720 BC the Assyrian king Sargon II moved against Elam, but the Assyrian host was defeated near Der by the combined army of king Humban-Nikash I of Elam and king Marduk-apla-iddina II of Babylon.[11] Following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the Cyrus Cylinder mentions repatriating the people and restoring the sanctuary of the god of Der, among other cities.

الآثار

بينما يبدو أن الحفريات لم تُجرى في دير، فإن العديد من الأغراض البارزة اِكتُشِفت بالقرب منها، بما في ذلك كدورو (مُكتشف في سيپار) التي أكدت اسم الموقع.[12] الموقع نفسه أصابه ضرر جسيم من الماء لقرون فإعتُبِر لا يستحق التنقيب.[13]

قائمة الحكام

The following list should not be considered complete:

Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (Middle Chronology) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Akkadian period (2350ح. 2350)
Unknown اِزد. 2350 BCح. 2350 BC
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Ur III period (2119ح. 2119)
Ursin اِزد. 2050 BCح. 2050 BC
Unknown اِزد. 2006 BCح. 2006 BC
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Isin-Larsa period (2006ح. 2006)
Anum-muttabil اِزد. 1949ح. 1949
Manana اِزد. 1886ح. 1886
Naqimum Uncertain
Sumu-iamutbala اِزد. 1855 BCح. 1855 BC
Manium اِزد. 1849 BCح. 1849 BC
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Old Babylonian period (1849ح. 1849)
Foundation figurine of Warad-Sin for Inanna at Zabalam.jpg Warad-Sin ح. c. 1818 BC
(12 years)
  • Son of Kudur-Mabuk
Rim-Sin foundation figurine, 1822-1763 BC - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07168.JPG Rim-Sin I ح. c. 1802 BC
(60 years)
  • Son of Kudur-Mabuk
Yasub-Yahad ح. c. 1741 BC
Record of the sale of land in the reign of Samsu-Iluna.jpg Rim-Sin II ح. c. 1736 BC
  • Nephew of Rim-Sin I (?)
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Middle Elamite period (1600ح. 1600)
Lakti-Shikhu اِزد. 1110 BCح. 1110 BC
Portrait or inscription Ruler Approx. date and length of reign (MC) Comments, notes, and references for mentions
Neo-Elamite period (1000ح. 1000)
Unknown اِزد. 819 BCح. 819 BC
Tandaia اِزد. 668 BCح. 668 BC
Tammaritu (behind the bow), son of Urtak, leading Assyrian troops against Teumman, king of Elam.jpg Tammaritu I اِزد. 653ح. 653

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ R., Borger (1978). Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. Neukirchen-Vluyn. p. 101.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Katrien De Graef, Another Brick In the Wall: Durum In the Old-Elamite Susa, Akkadica, vol. 128, pp. 85-98, 2007
  3. ^ Katrien De Graef, Another Brick In the Wall: Durum In the Old-Elamite Susa, Akkadica, vol. 128, pp. 85-98, 2007
  4. ^ Michalowski, Piotr, "Of Bears and Men: Thoughts on the End of Šulgi’s Reign and on the Ensuing Succession", Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature: Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, edited by David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 285-320, 2013
  5. ^ Michalowski, P., "Dūrum and Uruk During the Ur III Period", Mesopotamia 12, pp. 83–96. 1977
  6. ^ [1]Novotny, Jamie, Joshua Jeffers, and Grant Frame, "The royal inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC) and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), kings of Assyria, Part 3", Eisenbrauns/Penn State University Press, 2023. P. 5, 93
  7. ^ "Statue from Der". British Museum.
  8. ^ Lafont, Bertrand. "Game of Thrones: the Years when Šu-Sin Succeeded Amar-Suen in the Kingdom of Ur". The First Ninety Years: A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil, edited by Lluís Feliu, Fumi Karahashi and Gonzalo Rubio, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 189-204
  9. ^ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 2+3.
  10. ^ [2]D. O. Edzard, "Konigsinscriften Des Iraq Museums. II", Sumer 15, pp. 19-26, 1959
  11. ^ Hayim Tadmor, The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 22-40, 1958,
  12. ^ [3] Kassite kudurru at the British Museum
  13. ^ Sidney Smith, An Egyptian in Babylonia, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 18, no. 1/2, pp. 28-32, 1982

وصلات خارجية

This article contains content from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Please comply with the license terms.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=دير_(سومر)&oldid=4224409"