بريانسك

{Short description|City in Bryansk Oblast, Russia}}

بريانسك
Брянск
مدينة[1]
Collage of Bryansk
Collage of Bryansk
علم بريانسك
Flag
درع بريانسك
Coat of arms
النشيد: none[2]
Location of بريانسك
بريانسك is located in روسيا
بريانسك
بريانسك
Location of بريانسك
بريانسك is located in Bryansk Oblast
بريانسك
بريانسك
بريانسك (Bryansk Oblast)
الإحداثيات: 53°14′N 34°22′E / 53.233°N 34.367°E / 53.233; 34.367Coordinates: 53°14′N 34°22′E / 53.233°N 34.367°E / 53.233; 34.367
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديBryansk Oblast[1]
Founded985[3] or 1146[4]
الحكومة
 • الكيانمجلس نواب الشعب[5]
 • الرأس[5]Alexander Khlimankov[6]
المنسوب
190 m (620 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • الإجمالي415٬721
 • Estimate 
(January 2015)[8]
426٬225
 • الترتيب41st in 2010
 • Subordinated toBryansky Urban Administrative Okrug (city of oblast significance)[9]
 • Capital ofأوبلاست بريانسك[1], Bryansky Urban Administrative Okrug[9]
 • Urban okrugبريانسك، أكروگ حضري[10]
 • Capital ofBryansk Urban Okrug[10]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([11])
Postal code(s)[12]
241000–241002, 241004, 241006, 241007, 241010–241025, 241027–241031, 241033, 241035–241041, 241044, 241044, 241047, 241050, 241890, 241899, 241960–241967, 241970, 241980–241983, 241985, 241988, 241991
Dialing code(s)+7 4832
OKTMO ID15701000001
مدينة Day17 سبتمبر
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.bga32.ru

بريانسك (روسية: Брянск; النطق الروسي: [brʲansk] ؛ إنگليزية: Bryansk) هي مدينة و المركز الاداري لأوبلاست بريانسك، روسيا، وتقع على نهر دسنا، على بعد 379 كم جنوب غرب موسكو. التعداد: 379٬152 (تعداد 2021)؛[13] 415,721 (تعداد 2010);[7] 431,526 (تعداد 2002);[14] 452,160 (تعداد 1989).[15]

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
189724٬500—    
192643٬937+79.3%
193987٬490+99.1%
1959207٬319+137.0%
1970317٬504+53.1%
1979394٬210+24.2%
1989452٬160+14.7%
2002431٬526−4.6%
2010415٬721−3.7%
2021379٬152−8.8%
Source: Census data

نسمة.

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History

A monument to Alexander Peresvet and Boyan

The first written mention of Bryansk, as Debryansk, dates to 1146 in the Hypatian Codex. The name appears variously as Дъбряньск, Дьбряньск, and in other spellings.[4] Etymologically, it derives from "дъбръ", a Slavic word for "ditch", "lowland", or "dense woodland";[16][17] the area was known for its dense woods, of which very little remains today. Local authorities and archaeologists, however, believe that the town had existed as early as 985[3] as a fortified settlement on the right bank of the Desna River.

Bryansk remained poorly attested until the 1237–1242 Mongol invasion of Rus'. It was the northernmost of the Severian cities in the possession of the Chernigov Rurikids. After the Mongols murdered Prince Mikhail of Chernigov in 1246 and his capital was destroyed, his son Roman Mikhailovich moved his seat to Bryansk. In 1310, when the Mongols sacked the town again, it belonged to the Principality of Smolensk.

Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania acquired Bryansk through inheritance in 1356 and gave it to his son, Dmitry the Elder. Until the end of the century Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, the future Grand Duke Švitrigaila of Lithuania, and Grand Duke Yury of Smolensk contested control of the town.

The Grand Duchy of Moscow conquered Bryansk following the Battle of Vedrosha in 1503. The town was turned into a fortress which played a major role during the Time of Troubles (1598–1613). During the Time of Troubles the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied the town in 1610, and it remained in Polish hands as part of Smolensk Voivodeship until the Truce of Deulino in 1634. In 1709 Tsar Peter the Great incorporated Bryansk into the Kiev Governorate, but Empress Catherine the Great deemed it wise to transfer the town to the newly-formed Oryol Governorate in 1779. She also promulgated the town's coat of arms (August 1781).

In the 17th and 18th centuries the economy of Bryansk, which had become a regional trading center, was based on the Svenskaya fair (روسية: Свенская ярмарка), the largest in European Russia. The fair took place annually under the auspices of the nearby Svensky Monastery. After the town started to manufacture cannon and ammunition for the Imperial Russian Navy in 1783, Bryansk evolved from a regional market town into an important industrial center for metallurgy and textiles. The city's population exceeded 30,000 by 1917.[18] In 1812 Napoleon's Grande Armée fought the Russians in Bryansk and in Oryol during the French invasion of Russia.

May Day at former Christmas Mountain (now Yuri Gagarin Boulevard) in 1920

In 1918 the Belarusian People's Republic and Ukrainian People’s Republic both claimed Bryansk, but Bolshevik forces took the town in 1919. During World War II the German Wehrmacht captured Bryansk and encircled the Soviet 3rd,13th and 50th armies. The town remained under Axis occupation from October 6, 1941 to September 17, 1943, with the city left heavily damaged by fighting. About 60,000 Soviet partisans were active in and around Bryansk, inflicting heavy losses on the German Army. In 1944, soon after its liberation, Bryansk became the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast.

In 2016 the city council approved a new general city plan, which called among others for laying of a new route from Burov Street along the Bolva River to Vokzalnaya Street with the intersection of the railway and Bolva. In the southern direction, it is proposed to extend the road along the Desna to the Fokinsky District to Moskovsky Prospekt, construction of a road from the Black Bridge along the Karachizh ravine with the intersection of Stanke Dimitrova Avenue to Sakharova Street, reconstruction of Sakharova Street to the bypass road and the R120 highway, as well as development of the area of the old airport (area of Gorbatova, Stepnaya streets).[19]

A large fire was noted at an oil depot on April 25, 2022. Speculation was that it might have been a result of military action during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[20][21]

December 7, 2023 - shooting happened in gymnasium No. 5.As a result of the same shooting,two people died(including the attacker)and five were injured.Also,this shooting caused a high public result(although usually such cases mainly cause public outcry!),.[22][23]


الجغرافيا

التقسيم الحضري

Gorno-Nikolskaya Church



الوضع الإداري والبلدي

بريانسك هي المركز الإداري للأوبلاست.[1] ضمن إطار التقسيمات الإدارية، وهي، مع المستوطنات العمالية الثلاث (Belye Berega, Bolshoye Polpino, وRaditsa-Krylovka), incorporated separately as Bryansky أكروگ إداري حضري—وحدة إدارية بوض مساوي لـ التقسيمات الإدارية لأوبلاست بريانسك.[1] As a التقسيم البلدي, Bryansky Urban Administrative Okrug is incorporated as Bryansk Urban Okrug.[10]


الاقتصاد

Today's Bryansk is an important center for steel and machinery manufacturing, and is home to many large factories. The main industries are machine building, metalworking, chemical, electrical equipment, electronics, wood, textile and food industries, locomotives, diesel engines, freight cars, motor graders, pavers and other road equipment, agricultural equipment, construction materials, and garments.

النقل

بريانسك-I، مايو 2010

منذ 1868، توجد وصلة سكك حديدية بين بريانسك وموسكو.[24] The city has railway stations: Bryansk Orlovsky and Bryansk-Lgovskiy (Bryansk Bryansk -I and -II, respectively), Ordzhonikidzegrad; Street Bus Station and Peresvet Bezhitsa bus station. fourteen kilometres (9 miles) west of the city lies the Bryansk International Airport.

Passenger traffic carried by bus (more than 1,400 cars on 54 permanent urban routes), trolley on 10 regular routes, uses (36 routes), as well as commuter trains and railcars. The cost of public transport (trolley buses) is 16 rubles, and buses, 20 rubles (اعتبارا من مايو 2018).

  • BTZ-5276-04 trolleybus

    BTZ-5276-04 trolleybus

  • Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus

    Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus

أبرز الأشخاص

The famous poet Fyodor Tyutchev was born in Ovstug family estate,[25] at that time part of the Oryol Governorate, now part of Bryansk Oblast. Russian cosmonaut Viktor Afanasyev, shot put athlete Svetlana Krivelyova, sculptor and architect Naum Gabo, classical pianist Valentina Igoshina, chess Grandmaster Ian Nepomniachtchi, swimmer Victoria Kaminskaya and MMA fighter Vitaly Minakov were born in Bryansk. Bulgarian communist leader Stanke Dimitrov (Marek) died in an aviation accident near the city. The writer Leonid Dobychin spent most of his adult years there.

المناخ

Bryansk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

بيانات مناخ بريانسك (1991–2020، القصوى 1928–الحاضر)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 7.6
(45.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		38.4
(101.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		38٫4
(101٫1)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -3.3
(26.1) 		-2.3
(27.9) 		3.5
(38.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.8
(73) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		10.0
(50) 		2.3
(36.1) 		-2.1
(28.2) 		10٫7
(51٫3)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -5.7
(21.7) 		-5.2
(22.6) 		-0.3
(31.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		6.3
(43.3) 		0.1
(32.2) 		-4.1
(24.6) 		6٫7
(44٫1)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -8.1
(17.4) 		-8.1
(17.4) 		-3.7
(25.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		-2.0
(28.4) 		-6.3
(20.7) 		3٫0
(37٫4)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -41.8
(-43.2) 		-34.9
(-30.8) 		-29.6
(-21.3) 		-21.8
(-7.2) 		-4.2
(24.4) 		-1.3
(29.7) 		2.2
(36) 		0.1
(32.2) 		-5.2
(22.6) 		-13.0
(8.6) 		-23.6
(-10.5) 		-38.6
(-37.5) 		−41٫8
(−43٫2)
هطول mm (inches) 46
(1.81) 		42
(1.65) 		38
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		65
(2.56) 		74
(2.91) 		83
(3.27) 		60
(2.36) 		70
(2.76) 		56
(2.2) 		50
(1.97) 		50
(1.97) 		672
(26٫46)
% Humidity 85 82 76 68 65 69 71 72 77 81 87 87 77
Avg. rainy days 7 6 8 14 16 18 17 14 16 16 14 10 156
Avg. snowy days 23 21 14 4 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 4 14 22 103
Sunshine hours 18.6 58.8 133.3 180.0 282.1 264.0 294.5 260.4 171.0 83.7 27.0 21.7 1٬795٫1
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[26]
Source #2: Climatebase (sun, 1949–2011)[27]


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الثقافة والتعليم

Monument of Kurgan of Immortality

Bryansk has two universities, three theaters, and a technical academy.

البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

بريانسك متوأمة مع:[28]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Law #13-Z
  2. ^ Article 6 of the Charter of Bryansk states that the symbols of the oblast include a flag and a coat of arms, but not an anthem.
  3. ^ أ ب Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 56. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  4. ^ أ ب "Hypatian Codex". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  5. ^ أ ب Charter of Bryansk, Article 24
  6. ^ Official website of Bryansk Council of People's Deputies. Alexander Anatolyevich Khlimankov, Head of the City of Bryansk
  7. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ Bryansk Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Предварительная оценка численности населения Брянской области по городским округам и муниципальным районам на 1 января 2015 года Archived أبريل 2, 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in روسية)
  9. ^ أ ب Law #69-Z
  10. ^ أ ب ت Law #3-Z
  11. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  13. ^ invalid reference parameter
  14. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ^ Черных П. Я.: Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка. Москва, Русский язык-Медиа, 2004
  17. ^ Смолицкая Г. П.: Топонимический словарь Центральной России. Москва, Армада-пресс, 2002
  18. ^ "История Брянска". Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  19. ^ "Новые микрорайоны и дороги: чего ждать брянцам от генплана?". November 22, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  20. ^ "Russia investigates large oil depot fire in region near Ukraine". Reuters. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023.
  21. ^ "Ukrainian TB2 Bayraktar drone 'bombed oil depots deep inside Russia'". Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  22. ^ Russia school shooting: Teenage girl kills classmate and herself Archived ديسمبر 7, 2023 at the Wayback Machine // BBC
  23. ^ Стрельба в гимназии в Брянске 7 декабря 2023: причины, последние новости, видео Archived ديسمبر 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine // Комсомольская правда
  24. ^ "Train Station in Bryansk" (in الروسية). Archived from the original on مارس 23, 2012. Retrieved ديسمبر 1, 2012.
  25. ^ "Тютчев Федор Иванович — биография поэта, личная жизнь, фото, портреты, стихи, книги". Культура.РФ (in الروسية). Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  26. ^ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Bryansk" (in الروسية). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  27. ^ "Brjansk Climate Normals". Climatebase. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  28. ^ "Города-побратимы". bga32.ru (in الروسية). Bryansk. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  29. ^ "Konin zerwał współpracę z Briańskiem i Rzeczycą - Konin. Tu płynie energia". www.konin.pl. Retrieved 2022-03-12.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

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