المنبوذون

For other uses, see منبوذ (توضيح).

المنبوذية Untouchability هي ممارسة اجتماعية نبذ جماعة أقلية بفصلهم عن التيار الرئيسي للسكان بتقاليد اجتماعية أو أمر قانوني. وقد تكون الجماعة المنبوذة هي التي لم تقبل أعراف الجماعة الأكبر التي نبذتها، وتاريخياً تلك الجماعات المنبوذة ضمت أجانب وقبائل رحل ومخالفين للقانون ومجرمين ومصابين بأمراض معدية مثل البرص. وقد كان هذا الاقصاء وسيلة لعقاب مخالفي القانون وأيضاً للحماية من الأمراض المعدية من الغرباء والمصابين. ويُعرف الفرد في الجماعة المقصاة بإسم المنبوذ untouchable.

ويشيع اقتران هذا المصطلح مع معاملة مجتمعات الداليت، الذين يُعتبرون "ملوِّثين" بين هندوس الهند ونـِپال وبنگلادش، إلا أن المصطلح قد اصبح مستخدماً لوصف جماعات أخرى كذلك، مثل بوراكومن في اليابان، كاگوت في اوروبا، والأخدام في اليمن. وقد حـُرِّمت المنبوذية في الهند بعد الاستقلال، ومنذ ذلك الحين فقد تحسن وضع الداليت كثيراً، بالرغم من أن بعضاً من التحيز ضدهم مازال موجوداً، خاصة في جيوب قروية يسيطر عليها بعض طبقات دنيا أخرى.

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 المنبوذون في جنوب آسيا

منبوذو ملبار، كرلا (1906)

 الممارسات والتفرقة ضد المنبوذين

In the name of untouchability, Dalits face nearly 140 forms of work and descent-based discrimination at the hands of the dominant castes. This discrimination included:

• Prohibition from eating with other caste members
• Provision of separate glasses for Dalits in village tea stalls
• Discriminatory seating arrangements and separate utensils in restaurants
• Segregation in seating and food arrangements in village functions and festivals
• Prohibition from entering into village temples
• Prohibition from wearing sandals or holding umbrellas in front of dominant caste members
• The ritualized temple prostitution of Dalit women, known as the Devadasi system
• Prohibition from entering dominant caste homes
• Prohibition from riding a bicycle inside the village
• Prohibition from using common village path
• Separate burial grounds
• No access to village’s common/public properties and resources (wells, ponds, temples, etc.)
• Segregation (separate seating area) of Dalit children in schools
• Prohibition from contesting in elections and exercising their right to vote
• Forced to vote or not to vote for certain candidates during the elections
• Prohibiting from hoisting the national flag during Independence or Republic days
• Sub-standard wages
• Bonded labour
• Social boycotts by dominant castes for refusing to perform their "duties"

 رد الفعل الحكومي في الهند

The 1950 national constitution of India legally abolishes the practice of untouchability provides measures for positive discrimination in both educational institutions and public services for Dalits and other social groups who lie within the caste system. These are supplemented by official bodies such as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Despite this, prejudice against Dalits and others still exists and has been evidenced by events such as the Kherlanji massacre.

 أنظمة تفرقة مماثلة في دول أخرى

Below is a list of some communities in other countries around the world facing discrimination due to caste or some analogous social hierarchical system:

• Bangladesh: Mehtor community (traditionally sweepers and manual scavengers)
• Burkina Faso: Bellah community (traditionally slaves, unpaid manual laborers, to other caste ‘owners’)
• Czech Republic: Roma Gypsies.
• فرنسا: Roma Gypsies are being officially thrown out of France.
• Japan: Buraku community (at the bottom of the Japanese class system; traditionally viewed as filthy and/or non-human)
• Kenya: Watta community (traditionally considered low, worthless, and consigned to a life of servitude from birth)
• Mauritania: Haratin community (these ‘black moors’ are considered slaves to the Bidan, or ‘white moors’, in Mauritanian society)
• Nepal: Dalit community (situation is essentially the same as that of Dalits in India)
• Nigeria: Osu community (traditionally the Osu people are ‘owned’ by deities and considered as outcaste, untouchable, and sub-human)
• Pakistan: Christians are killed for drinking tea from a cup meant for Muslims only. They are forbidden to eat in many public eating houses, Christian students are forbidden to drink water in a glass in which Muslim students drink water. Even flood aid is denied to Christians and Dalits, although it comes mostly from Christian charities and countries. This is because most of the Christians are converted Dalits, who are despised.
• Rwanda: Twa community (at bottom of social hierarchy with no legal protections from discrimination and no representation in positions of power/authority)
• Senegal: Neeno & Nyamakalaw communities (largely blacksmiths and leatherworkers, they are considered impure and face explicit segregation and exclusion)
• Somalia: Midgan community (minority outcaste group facing violence, refusal of rights, and possessing no legal protections)
• Sri Lanka: Rodi/Rodiya & Pallar/Paraiyar communities (these groups face discrimination in employment, practices of social distance, and denial of access to resources)

The voices has been raised by many countries to involve caste in the UN resolution against racism too.

 جماعات منبوذة

• Dalit, in India and Nepal
• Al-Akhdam in Yemen
• Burakumin in Japan
• Baekjeong in Korea
• Cagots in France
• Vaqueiros de alzada in Spain
• Madhiban in Somalia
• Ragyabpa in Tibet (see Social classes of Tibet)

 انظر أيضاً

• طبقة (اجتماعية)
  • Balinese caste system
  • Caste system in India
  • Caste in Sri Lanka
  • Caste system in Africa
• Outcast (person)
• Homo sacer