كوراساو

(تم التحويل من Curaçao)
هذا المقال هو عن the island country. إذا كنت تريد the former colony/territory comprising Curaçao and five other islands، انظر Curaçao and Dependencies. إذا كنت تريد the liqueur، انظر Curaçao (liqueur). إذا كنت تريد the Los Angeles based retail store chain، انظر Curacao (retail store).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Curacoa, Curassow, Carriacou, or Curuçá River (Javari River).
كوراساو

Eilandgebied Curaçao
Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou
Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Country of Curaçao
Land Curaçao  (هولندية)
Pais Kòrsou  (Papiamento)
Flag of كوراساو
Flag
Official seal of كوراساو
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Himno di Kòrsou"
(إنگليزية: "Anthem of Curaçao")
Royal anthem: "Wilhelmus"
(إنگليزية: "William of Nassau")
Location of Curaçao
Location of Curaçao (circled in red)
Sovereign state هولندا
Before separationNetherlands Antilles
Country status10 October 2010
العاصمة
and largest city
ويلمستاد
12°7′N 68°56′W / 12.117°N 68.933°W / 12.117; -68.933
اللغات الرسمية
الجماعات العرقية
(2018)
75.4% Afro-Curaçaoans/Mixed
9% Dutch
3.6% Dominican
3% Colombian
1.2% Haitian
1.2% Surinamese
1.1% Venezuelan
1.1% Aruban
0.9% unspecified
6% other[2]
الدين
صفة المواطنCuraçaoan
الحكومةParliamentary representative democracy within a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Willem-Alexander
• Governor
Lucille George-Wout
• Speaker
Charetti America-Francisca
Gilmar Pisas
LegislatureParliament of Curaçao
المساحة
• Total
444[3] km2 (171 sq mi)
أعلى منسوب
372 m (1٬220 ft)
التعداد
• 2023 estimate
148,925[4] (177th)
• Density
349.13/km2 (904.2/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2021[5] estimate
• Total
$5.5 billion (184th)
• Per capita
$35,484 (45th)
GDP (nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
$3.5 billion[6] (149th)
• Per capita
$22,581 (40th)
HDI (2012)0.811[7]
very high
العملةNetherlands Antillean guilder (ƒ) (ANG)
Time zoneUTC−4:00 (AST)
Mains electricity127 V–50 Hz
Driving sideright
Calling code+599
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD.cw


كوراساو Curaçao أكبر جزيرة في سلسلة جزر الأنتيل الهولندية. وهي تتكون من مجموعتين من الجزر تابعة لهولندا في جزر الهند الغربية.

تغطي جزيرة كوراساو مساحة قدرها 444 كم²، ويبلغ عدد سكانها نحو 150,000 نسمة، أما ويلمستاد أكبر مدن الجزيرة فهي عاصمة جزر الأنتيل الهولندية. كوراساو جزيرة ذات طبيعة جافة وأرض منبسطة، ومناخ دافئ طوال العام، وشواطئ جميلة أخاذة، ومدائن ساحرة. وتجذب هذه المميزات الكثير من السياح للجزيرة. غالبية سكان الجزيرة من السود أو ينحدرون من أصول سوداء وبيضاء مختلطة. تعيش فيها جالية عربية معظمها من المهاجرين اللبنانيين والسوريين.

وهناك مصاف لتكرير النفط الذي يجلب من فنزويلا المجاورة. تشمل النشاطات الاقتصادية الرئيسية في الجزيرة تكرير النفط والسياحة والتجارة. تقع هذه الجزيرة خارج حزام الأعاصير، لكن هذا لم يمنع من تعضرها لآثارٍ من إعصار فليكس.

Curaçao was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony from 1815 to 1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles from 1954 to 2010, as Island Territory of Curaçao (هولندية: Eilandgebied Curaçao, قالب:Lang-pap),[8] and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao.[9] It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao").[9] Curaçao has a population of 158,665 (January 2019 est.),[3] with an area of 444 km2 (171 sq mi); its capital is Willemstad.[9]

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أصل الاسم

One explanation for the island's name is that Curaçao was the autonym by which its indigenous peoples identified themselves.[10] Early Spanish accounts support this theory, referring to the indigenous peoples as Indios Curaçaos.[11]

From 1525, the island was featured on Spanish maps as Curaçote, Curasaote, Curasaore, and even Curacaute.[12] By the 17th century, it appeared on most maps as Curaçao or Curazao.[11] On a map created by Hieronymus Cock in 1562 in Antwerp, the island was called Qúracao.[13]

A persistent but undocumented story claims the following: in the 16th and 17th centuries—the early years of European exploration—when sailors on long voyages got scurvy from lack of vitamin C, sick Portuguese or Spanish sailors were left on the island now known as Curaçao. When their ship returned, some had recovered, probably after eating vitamin C-rich fruit there. From then on, the Portuguese allegedly referred to the island as Ilha da Curação (Island of Healing) or the Spanish as Isla de la Curación.[9]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ كوراساو, كوراساو وملحقاتها, and الكاريبي الهولندي

قبل الاستعمار

Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao
خريطة كوراساو في 1836.
Dutch architecture along Willemstad's harbor.

The original inhabitants of Curaçao were the Arawak and Caquetio Amerindians.[14] Their ancestors had migrated to the island from the mainland of South America, probably hundreds of years before Europeans first arrived.

الاستعمار الإسپاني

The first Europeans recorded as seeing the island were members of a Spanish expedition under the leadership of Alonso de Ojeda in 1499.[14] The Spaniards enslaved most of the Caquetios(Arawak) for forced labour in their Hispaniola colony, but paid little attention to the island itself.[14] In 1515, almost all of the 2,000 Caquetios living there were also transported to Hispaniola as slaves.

Starting in 1499, Curaçao served as a bridge for the Spanish exploration and conquest of territories in northern South America. The Spanish settled on the island in 1527. Throughout the 16th century, they ruled Curaçao as an insular part of the province of Venezuela, governing it from the mainland before gradually abandoning it as colonization of the continent progressed. One of the oldest written references to the island is in the archives of the main public city registry of Caracas, Venezuela. A document dated 9 December 1595 states that Francisco Montesinos, priest and vicar of "the Yslas de Curasao, Aruba and Bonaire" conferred his power of attorney to Pedro Gutiérrez de Lugo, a Caracas resident, to collect his ecclesiastic salary from the Royal Treasury of King Philip II of Spain.

The Spanish introduced numerous tree, plant and animal species to Curaçao, including horses, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle from Europe and other Spanish colonies. In general, imported sheep, goats and cattle did relatively well. Cattle were herded by Caquetios and Spaniards and roamed freely in the kunuku plantations and savannas.

Not all imported species fared equally well, and the Spanish also learned to use Caquetio crops and agricultural methods, as well as those from other Caribbean islands. Though historical sources point to thousands of people living on the island, agricultural yields were disappointing; this and the lack of precious metals in the salt mines led the Spanish to call Curaçao "the useless island".

Over time, the number of Spaniards living on Curaçao decreased while the number of aboriginal inhabitants stabilized. Presumably through natural growth, return and colonization, the Caquetio population then began to increase. In the last decades of Spanish occupation, Curaçao was used as a large cattle ranch. At that point, Spaniards lived around Santa Barbara, Santa Ana and in the villages in the western part of the island, while the Caquetios are thought to have lived scattered all over the island.

الاستعمار الهولندي

In 1634, during the Eighty Years' War of independence between the Republic of the Netherlands and Spain, the Dutch West India Company under Admiral Johann van Walbeeck invaded the island; the Spanish surrendered in San Juan in August. Approximately 30 Spaniards and many indigenous people were then deported to Santa Ana de Coro in Venezuela. About 30 Taíno families were allowed to live on the island while Dutch colonists started settling there.[14]

The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad on the banks of an inlet called the Schottegat; the natural harbour proved an ideal place for trade. Commerce and shipping—and piracy—became Curaçao's most important economic activities. Later, salt mining became a major industry, the mineral being a lucrative export at the time.[بحاجة لمصدر] From 1662, the Dutch West India Company made Curaçao a centre of the Atlantic slave trade, often bringing slaves from West Africa to the island, before selling them elsewhere in the Caribbean and Spanish Main.[14]

Sephardic Jews fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal sought safe haven in Dutch Brazil and the Dutch Republic. Many settled in Curaçao, where they made significant contributions to its civil society, cultural development and economic prosperity.[15]

In the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78, French Count Jean II d'Estrées planned to attack Curaçao. His fleet—12 men-of-war, three fire ships, two transports, a hospital ship, and 12 privateers—met with disaster, losing seven men-of-war and two other ships when they struck reefs off the Las Aves archipelago. The serious navigational error occurred on 11 May 1678, a week after the fleet set sail from Saint Kitts. To commemorate its narrow escape from invasion, Curaçao marked the events with a day of thanksgiving, which was celebrated for decades into the 18th century.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Willemstad, 1885

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In 1795, a major slave revolt took place under the leaders Tula Rigaud, Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.[16][17]

Luis Brión, a Curaçao-born Venezuelan admiral
The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighborhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of Coro in Falcón State, which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the Viceroyalty of New Granada that included the present-day countries of Colombia and Venezuela. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as Manuel Piar and Luis Brión were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as Simon Bolivar, regrouped in Curaçao.[18]

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British attacked the island several times, most notably in 1800, 1804, and from 1807 to 1815.[19] Stable Dutch rule returned in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic wars, when the island was incorporated into the colony of Curaçao and Dependencies.[20]

The Dutch abolished slavery in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to wage labour.[20] Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as Cuba, to work in sugarcane plantations. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the tenant farmer system,[21] in which former slaves leased land from former masters, paying most of their harvest to owners as rent. The system lasted until the early 20th century.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[22] Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the late 17th century, when the British took all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and Papiamentu education in the late 19th century.[23]

القرنان 20 و 21

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بعد فض الأنتيل الهولندية

Panorama of Curaçao, Willemstad and Queen Juliana Bridge at center.

جغرافيا

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of populated places in Curaçao
CuracaoCIAmap.png
منظر جوي لساحل كوراساو

Curaçao, as well as the rest of the ABC islands and Trinidad and Tobago, lies on the continental shelf of South America. It is a thin island with a generally hilly topography; the highest point is Christoffelberg in the northwest, with a peak at 372 m (1,220 ft) above sea level.[24] The coastline's bays, inlets and hot springs offer a source of natural minerals, thermal conditions, and seawater used in hydrotherapy and mesotherapy, making the island one of many balneoclimateric areas in the region. Off the southeast coast lies the small, flat island of Klein Curaçao.[9]

النبيت

Melocactus macracanthos in Curaçao

Curaçao's flora differ from typical tropical island vegetation. Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub is the most notable, with various forms of cacti, thorny shrubs, evergreen, and watapana trees (Libidibia coriaria; called divi-divi on Aruba), which are characteristic of the ABC islands and the national symbol of Aruba. Brassavola nodosa is a drought-tolerant species of Brassavola, one of the few orchids present in the ABC islands. Cacti include Melocactus and Opuntia species such as Opuntia stricta.

الوحيش

للمزيد من المعلومات: قوارض الكاريبي § كوراساو
إجوانا خضراء من كوراساو

Curaçao is semi-arid, and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with rainforests. Dozens of species of hummingbirds, bananaquits, orioles, and the larger terns, herons, egrets, and even flamingos make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The trupial, a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The mockingbird, called chuchubi in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big-billed brown pelicans feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of gulls and large cormorants.

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the white-tailed deer. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching six feet (2 m) in length and three feet (0.9 m) in height, and weighing as much as 300 pounds (140 kg). It has a long tail with a white underside, and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a protected species since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides. Archaeologists believe the deer were brought from South America to Curaçao by its original inhabitants, the Arawaks.[بحاجة لمصدر]

There are several species of iguana, light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding sea turtles. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park, and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الطقس

متوسطات الطقس لكوراساو، الأنتيل الهولندية
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر السنة
العظمى القياسية °F (°C) 91 (32.8) 92 (33.2) 91 (33.0) 94 (34.7) 96 (35.8) 100 (37.5) 95 (35.0) 99 (37.4) 101 (38.3) 97 (36.0) 96 (35.6) 92 (33.3) 101 (38٫3)
متوسط العظمى °ف (°م) 85 (29.7) 86 (30.0) 87 (30.5) 88 (31.1) 89 (31.6) 90 (32.0) 89 (31.9) 90 (32.4) 91 (32.6) 89 (31.9) 88 (31.1) 86 (30.1) 88 (31٫2)
متوسط الصغرى °ف (°م) 76 (24.3) 76 (24.4) 77 (24.8) 78 (25.5) 79 (26.3) 80 (26.4) 79 (26.1) 79 (26.3) 80 (26.5) 79 (26.2) 78 (25.6) 77 (24.8) 78 (25٫6)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°C) 69 (20.3) 69 (20.6) 70 (21.0) 72 (22.0) 71 (21.6) 73 (22.6) 72 (22.4) 70 (21.3) 71 (21.7) 71 (21.9) 72 (22.2) 70 (21.1) 69 (20٫3)
هطول الأمطار بوصة (mm) 1.8 (44.7) 1 (25.5) 0.6 (14.2) 0.8 (19.6) 0.8 (19.6) 0.8 (19.3) 1.6 (40.2) 1.6 (41.5) 1.9 (48.6) 3.3 (83.7) 3.8 (96.7) 3.9 (99.8) 21٫8 (553٫4)
المصدر: [25] September 2008


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الجيولوجيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جيولوجيا كوراساو

The northern seabed drops steeply within 60 m (200 ft) of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the "blue edge".

On Curaçao, four major geological formations can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.[26]

Curaçao lies within the Caribbean large igneous province (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of 5 km of pillow lavas with some basalt intrusions. The ages of these rocks include 89 Ma for the lavas and 75 Ma for the poikilitic sills, though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the Cretaceous period. Their composition includes picrite pillows at the base, followed by tholeiitic lavas, then hyaloclastites, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually uplifted until Eocene-Miocene limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. Christoffelberg and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip Formation. This formation includes deepwater deposits of calcareous sands and fine clays, capped by siliceous chert containing radiolarians. Middle Curaçao contains alluvial soils from eroded CLF and limestone.[27][28]

سياسة كوراساو

The Queen Emma and Queen Juliana bridges.
The building 'Groot Davelaar', one of app. 100 plantation houses on the island'

الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد كوراساو
Offshore oil platform in Curaçao
Historic area of Willemstad, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997

Curaçao has an open economy; its most important sectors are tourism, international trade, shipping services, oil refining,[29] oil storage and bunkering, and international financial services.[9] Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA's lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the US and Asia.[30] Schlumberger, the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.[31] The Isla oil refinery (fr; nl) is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO2 emission-producing countries.[32]

Along with Sint Maarten, Curaçao uses the Netherlands Antillean guilder as its currency.[9] Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and 27th in the world in terms of nominal GDP per capita. Curaçao possesses a high-income economy as defined by the World Bank.[33][34] Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the Free Trade Zone, make significant contributions to the economy.[9] To achieve greater economic diversification, the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.[9] This policy, called the "Open Arms" policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.[35][36][37]

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing unrest and political uncertainty in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in economic stagnation. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, financial intermediation, and utilities sectors.[38]

السياحة

A proportional representation of the products exported from Curaçao in 2019
Jan Thiel Beach
Elkhorn coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish (Microspathodon chrysurus) in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao

While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.[بحاجة لمصدر] Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in cruise ship tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.[39] Hato International Airport received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totaling US$48 million aimed at transforming the airport into a regional hub by 2018.

The Curaçaoan insular shelf's sharp drop-off known as the "Blue Edge" is often visited by scuba diving tourists.[40] Coral reefs for snorkeling and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is Watamula and the Cliff Villa Peninsula which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.[41]

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by Cruise Critic, a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as "amazing" and the food and shopping as "excellent".[42] The historic centre of Willemstad is a World Heritage Site. Another attraction is the towns colourful street art. the Blue Bay Sculpture Garden with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.[43] Landhuis Bloemhof is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.[44]

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. Porto Marie Beach is experimenting with artificial coral reefs in order to improve the reef's condition.[بحاجة لمصدر] Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.[45]

The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with Seaquarium Beach nearby.

العمل

In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.[46][47]

الخدمات المالية

Curaçao's history in financial services dates back to World War I. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private commercial banks.[48] As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest central bank in the Western Hemisphere.[49] The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a corporate haven. Though Curaçao is considered a tax haven, it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the United States Internal Revenue Service. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the OECD and Caribbean Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The country enforces Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism funding compliance.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

Banco di Caribe in Willemstad

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao[50] was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C. on 17 April 2002[51] between the U.S. and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

التجارة

Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,[52] free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US Caribbean Basin Initiative allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.[53]

الدعارة

انظر أيضاً: Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean § Curaçao

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called "Le Mirage" or "Campo Alegre". Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.[54][55] Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.[56]

The U.S. State Department has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, "Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked."[57] The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of human trafficking problems.[57]

السكان

Santa Famia church, Willemstad
The Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.

Owing to the island's history of colonial times, the majority of the Curaçaoans are of African, or partial African descent.[9] There are also many people of Dutch, French, Latin American, South Asian, East Asian, and Levantine descent.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الدين

Religion in Curaçao[58]
  Roman Catholic (69.8%)
  Protestant (16.7%)
  None (10%)
  Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.) (3.8%)
  Unspecified (0.6%)

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:[58]

There has been a shift towards the Charismatic movement in recent decades. Other denominations include the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Methodist Church. Alongside these Christian denominations, some inhabitants practise Montamentu and other diaspora African religions.[59] As elsewhere in Latin America, Pentecostalism is on the rise.[بحاجة لمصدر] There are also practising Muslims and Hindus.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad encompasses all the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean which includes Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and the islands of Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba. The diocese is also a member of the Antilles Episcopal Conference.[بحاجة لمصدر]

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.[15] Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The Curaçao synagogue is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.[60] Additionally, there are both Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish communities.[9] As of the year 2000 there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.[61]

اللغات

Curaçao is a polyglot society. The official languages are Dutch, Papiamentu and English.[1][9] However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.[62] Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a Portuguese creole with African, Dutch and Spanish influences, spoken in all levels of society.[9] Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993, making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.[63] Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia[22] and several Venezuelan TV networks are received. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted wide use of the language.[22]

According to the 2001 census, Papiamentu was the first language of 81.2% of the population. Dutch of 8%, Spanish of 4%, and English of 2.9%.[64] However, these numbers divide the population in terms of first language and do not account for the high rate of bilingualism in the population of Curaçao.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الأماكن

Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of Bandabou and Bandariba and the city district of Willemstad. Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanised area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

  • Punda, the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
  • Otrobanda, on the other side of St. Anna Bay
  • Pietermaai, east of Punda
  • Scharloo, north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
  • Julianadorp, a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
  • Emmastad, built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
  • Saliña is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
  • Brievengat, a suburb in the north of the city.

بنية السكان

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.): [65]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 69 285 83 084 152 369 100
0–4 3 876 3 637 7 513 4.93
5–9 4 750 4 479 9 229 6.06
10–14 4 487 4 401 8 888 5.83
15–19 4 503 4 393 8 895 5.84
20–24 3 891 3 665 7 556 4.96
25–29 3 862 4 280 8 142 5.34
30–34 3 966 4 774 8 740 5.74
35–39 4 081 5 091 9 172 6.02
40–44 3 833 5 099 8 932 5.86
45–49 4 563 5 790 10 353 6.79
50–54 5 049 6 323 11 372 7.46
55–59 5 481 7 013 12 493 8.20
60–64 4 937 6 576 11 513 7.56
65-69 4 098 5 523 9 621 6.31
70-74 3 427 4 506 7 932 5.21
75-79 2 163 3 342 5 504 3.61
80-84 1 346 2 146 3 492 2.29
85-89 661 1 283 1 944 1.28
90-94 248 543 791 0.52
95-99 59 192 250 0.16
100+ 8 35 43 0.03
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 13 113 12 517 25 630 16.82
15–64 44 162 52 997 97 159 63.77
65+ 12 010 17 570 29 580 19.41

إخصائيات

Curaçao population pyramid in 2020

التعليم

The University of Curaçao

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.[66]

The main institute of higher learning is the University of Curaçao (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.[66] The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include offshore medical schools, language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.[67]

الثقافة

A Bulawaya dance

الأدب

Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in Dutch and Papiamentu. The oral traditions of the Arawak indigenous peoples are lost. West African slaves brought the tales of Anansi, thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled Atardi, published in the La Cruz newspaper in 1905.[بحاجة لمصدر] Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as magic realism tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to Caribbean and Dutch literature. Best known are Cola Debrot, Frank Martinus Arion, Pierre Lauffer, nl (Elis Juliana), Guillermo Rosario, nl (Boeli van Leeuwen) and Tip Marugg.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Cuisine

Local food is called Krioyo (pronounced the same as criollo, the Spanish word for "Creole") and boasts a blend of flavours and techniques best compared to Caribbean cuisine and Latin American cuisine. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in Aruba and Bonaire as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients such as papaya, beef or goat), Guiambo (soup made from okra and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to fufu, ugali and polenta) and fish and other seafood. The ubiquitous side dish is fried plantain. Local bread rolls are made according to a Portuguese recipe. All around the island, there are snèks which serve local dishes as well as alcoholic drinks in a manner akin to the English public house.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is pastechi: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, ham, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the hallaca and pekelé, made out of salt cod. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The Curaçao liqueur was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local citrus fruit known as laraha. Surinamese, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound. The island also has a number of Chinese restaurants that serve mainly Indonesian dishes such as satay, nasi goreng and lumpia (which are all Indonesian names for the dishes). Dutch specialties such as croquettes and oliebollen are widely served in homes and restaurants.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الرياضة

Jurickson Profar

In 2004, the Little League Baseball team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from Thousand Oaks, California. The Willemstad lineup included Jurickson Profar, the standout shortstop prospect who now plays for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball, and Jonathan Schoop.[68]

Curaçaoan players Andruw Jones,[69] Ozzie Albies, and Kenley Jansen have made multiple Major League Baseball All-Star Game appearances.[70]

The 2010 documentary film Boys of Summer[71] details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 Little League World Series, then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in Williamsport.[72]

The prevailing trade winds and warm water make Curaçao a location for windsurfing.[73][74]

There is warm, clear water around the island. Scuba divers and snorkelers may have visibility up to 30 metres (98 feet) at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along 20 kilometres (12 miles) of Curaçao's southern coastline.[75]

Curaçao participated in the 2013 CARIFTA Games. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of 7.36 metres (24.15 feet). Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) with a time of 4:47.97.[76][77][78][79]

The Curaçao national football team won the 2017 Caribbean Cup by defeating Jamaica in the final, qualifying for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[80] They then traveled to Thailand and participated in the 2019 King's Cup for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating Vietnam in the final.[81]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  • Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. Römer-Kenepa, NC, Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA. , 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
  • Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
  • Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
  • Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
  • Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers
  • Halman, Johannes and Robert Rojer (2008). Jan Gerard Palm Music Scores: Waltzes, Mazurkas, Danzas, Tumbas, Polkas, Marches, Fantasies, Serenades, a Galop and Music Composed for Services in the Synagogue and the Lodge. Amsterdam: Broekmans en Van Poppel.*[1]
  • Halman, Johannes I.M. and Rojer, Robert A. (2008). Jan Gerard Palm: Life and Work of a Musical Patriarch in Curaçao (In Dutch language). Leiden: KITLV.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)*[2]
  • Palm, Edgar (1978). Muziek en musici van de Nederlandse Antillen. Curaçao: E. Palm.
  • Boskaljon, Rudolph (1958). Honderd jaar muziekleven op Curaçao. Anjerpublicaties 3. Assen: Uitg. in samenwerking met het Prins Bernhard fonds Nederlandse Antillen door Van Gorcum.

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