كهف ڤريوڤكينا Veryovkina Cave

Coordinates: 43°24′56″N 40°21′23″E / 43.41556°N 40.35639°E / 43.41556; 40.35639
(تم التحويل من Veryovkina Cave)
كهف ڤريوڤكينا
Veryovkina Cave
Veryovkina cave. Babatunda pit.jpg
حفرة باباتوندا، بعمق 155 متر، في أكبر منْوَر (عمقه 400 متر) في الكهف
الموقعأبخازيا
الاحداثيات43°24′56″N 40°21′23″E / 43.41556°N 40.35639°E / 43.41556; 40.35639
العمق2,209 متر
الطول17,500 متر
الاكتشاف1968
الجيولوجياحجر جيري

كهف ڤريوڤكينا (also spelled Verëvkina Cave, Abkhaz: Вериовкин иҳаԥы) هو كهف في جمهورية أبخازيا،[note 1] اعتبارا من 2025, at 2،209 متر (7،247 ft) deep, it is the second deepest-known cave on Earth.[1][2] Veryovkina is in the Arabika Massif, in the Gagra mountain range of the Western Caucasus, on the pass between the Krepost[3] and Zont[4] mountains, close to the slopes of Mount Krepost. مدخله يقع على ارتفاع 2,285 متر فوق سطح البحر.[5] The entrance of the cave has a cross section of 3 m × 4 m (9.8 ft × 13.1 ft), and the depth of the entrance shaft is 32 m (105 ft).[6] The confirmed depth of the cave is 2،209 m (7،247 ft) (including 26 m (85 ft) in the lower siphon).[7] Veryovkina is one of the two known caves deeper than 2,000 metres, the other being Kruber's Cave in the same mountain range.

التسمية

في 1968، أُعطِيَ الكهف الاسم S-115، الذي اِستُبدِل لاحقاً بالاسم P1-7، وفي 1986 وقد سُمِّيَ على اسم مستكشف الكهوف Aleksandr Veryovkin (ru). لقي ڤريوڤكينا مصرعه في 1983 أثناء استكشافه siphon في كهف سو-أكان،[8] يقع في كتلة ساري-تالا، الواقعة الآن في كبردينو - بلقاريا، روسيا.

التاريخ

Member of the Perovo-Speleo team passing the flooded passage at the depth of −1،400 m (−4،600 ft)، في 2018
پروفيلان للكهف


  • 1968: الكهف اكتشفه مستكشفون من كراسنويارسك. وقد وصلوا عمق 115 متر ووسموه على الخريطة بإسم S-115.
  • 1982: the cave was discovered for the second time by the expedition of the "Perovo" speleoclub (PSC) من موسكو. It was marked as P1-7.
  • 1983–1986: cavers from the same team continued exploration and reached the depth of 440 m (1،440 ft).
  • 1986–2000: work in the cave did not take place.
  • From 2000 to 2015 – the PSC and its "Perovo-speleo" team (PST) researched the cave bottom. Despite the effort, the deepest known cave depth remained at 440 m (1،440 ft).
  • August 2015 – cavers from the PSC discovered a new shaft, but could not explore it because they did not have rope. This discovery opened the way to a series of later discoveries.
  • June 2016 – the expedition of the PST took place. The team started from the same point. They surveyed a pit that was about 30 m deep and a small system of passages below. The next day Evgenyj Kuzmin climbed over the wall of boulders and found the head of the Babatunda pit. Its depth was later determined to be 156 m (512 ft). That expedition managed to reach a depth of 630 m (2،070 ft).
  • August 2016 – a joint expedition of the PST and the PSC reached a depth of 1،010 m (3،310 ft).
  • October 2016 – the expedition of the PST reached a depth of 1،350 m (4،430 ft).
  • February 2017 – the expedition of the PST reached a depth of 1،832 m (6،010 ft). The cave advanced to the second deepest in the world, after Krubera (Voronya) cave.
  • Early August 2017 – the PSC explored the cave to a depth of 2،151 m (7،057 ft). An ancient collector of the karst aquifer system with extensive horizontal tunnels, not typical for the Arabika Massif, was discovered. Veryovkina became the second super deep cave (over 2 km (1.2 mi)) and the deepest accessible without diving equipment.
  • Late August 2017 – the PST reached a depth of 2،204 m (7،231 ft), thus setting a new world depth record. A huge system of more than 6،000 m (20،000 ft) of subhorizontal passages below −2،100 m (−6،900 ft) was discovered and surveyed.
  • March 2018 – another expedition of the same team added more than a kilometer of tunnels to the cave map. They also measured the depth of The Last Nemo Station terminal siphon lake. It was 8.5 m (28 ft) and so the total cave depth reached 2،212 m (7،257 ft).[1]
  • September 2018 – a photo trip of the PST to the bottom of the cave took place, led by Pavel Demidov, with the English cave photographer Robbie Shone.[9] The team narrowly escaped the flood caused by a rain storm, which filled the lower level of the cave.[10][11]
  • August 2019 – the cave depth was increased to 2،212 متر (7،257 ft) during the survey by members of the PSC.[12]
  • August 2022 - tracing of underground water flows to known surface lakes, precision measurement of entrance[13][14]
  • August 2023 – the cave depth was increased to 2،223 متر (7،293 ft) through the survey of the siphon Captain Nemo's last stand by an underwater drone, again during the expedition of the PSC.[15]
  • August 2024 – during another expedition of the PSC the cave depth was decreased to 2،209 متر (7،247 ft). The previously established connection between the stream at the bottom of the cave and the Blue Lake (Голубое озеро (Абхазия)) on the surface enabled the precise measurement of the cave depth by taking into account the difference in heights between the entrance and the bottom siphon using a high-precision GNSS receiver EFT M3.[16]
يُعد كهف فيريوفكينا أقرب نقطة إلى مركز الأرض يمكن للبشر الوصول إليها. ويبلغ عمقه حوالي ألفين ومائتين واثني عشر متراً، مما يجعله أعمق كهف في العالم. في عام 2015، اكتشف فريق من المستكشفين أن الكهف أعمق مما كان يُعتقد سابقاً، حيث وصل في النهاية إلى عمق قياسي بلغ ألفين ومائتين واثني عشر متراً. كما سجل الباحثون نظام أنفاق تحت الأرض يمتد لأكثر من 6,000 متر.

During an expedition in 2021, PST found the body of a caver, who died exploring on his own, at −1،100 متر (−3،600 ft). He was later identified as Sergei Kozeev, who left his home in Sochi (Russia) on 1 November 2020 and began descent into Veryovkina, where he spent around a week at a −600 متر (−2،000 ft) permanent camp. Then he continued his descent down to technically challenging parts at −1،100 متر (−3،600 ft) where he got stuck, and died of hypothermia. He did not bring stirrups necessary to climb out of the lower, perpetually wet, regions of the cave. [17] The body was eventually recovered after a complex retrieval operation on 17 August 2021.[18]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أبخازيا هي موضع نزاع إقليمي بين جمهورية أبخازيا و جمهورية جورجيا. فقد أعلنت جمهورية أبخازيا استقلالها في 23 يوليو 1992، إلا أن جورجيا مازالت تزعم أنها جزء من أراضيها. وقد حصلت أبخازيا على اعتراف رسمي بها كدولة مستقلة من 6 خارج 193 الدول الأعضاء في الأمم المتحدة، 2 منهم سحب اعترافه في وقت لاحق.

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Ljubimov, Petr (12 March 2018). "Экспедиция в Верёвкина март 2018. Глубина пещеры достигла -2212 метров" [Expedition to Veryovkina in March 2018. Cave depth reached – 2212 m] (in الروسية). Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Worlds Deepest Caves"[Usurped!]. Compiled by: Bob Gulden. October. 10, 2018
  3. ^ Kovinov, Dmitrij. "Поход по Арабике через перевалы Дзоу и Шу, 21–24 августа 2016" [Trekking through Arabica over the passes Dzou and Shu, 21–24 August 2016] (in الروسية). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  4. ^ "Гора Зонт" [Zont Mountain] (in الروسية). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  5. ^ Ljubimov, Petr. "ОТКРЫТИЕ И ИСТОРИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПЕЩЕРЫ им. А. Веревкина (1968–1986 г.)" [Discovery and Exploration History of the Cave named after A. Verevkin (1968–1986)] (in الروسية). Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  6. ^ "The daring journey inside the world's deepest cave". BBC Reel (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  7. ^ Baraszkow, Aleksej (2024-09-20). "SpeleoClub Perowo News". vk.com/perovospeleo. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  8. ^ "НЕСЧАСТНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ ПРИ ПОГРУЖЕНИЯХ В СИФОНЫ" [Siphon Diving Accidents] (in الروسية). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  9. ^ Walford, Shannon (16 May 2019). "Pro Team: Robbie Shone". 3 Legged Thing LTD. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  10. ^ Bisharat, Andrew; Shone, Robbie (18 October 2018). "Epic flood sends cavers scrambling for their lives / A National Geographic photographer recounts his fight to escape the world's deepest cave". National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  11. ^ Shone, Robbie (August 2020). "The Climb of His Life". National Geographic. 238 (2): 34–36. ISSN 0027-9358. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  12. ^ Demidov, Pavel; Parfёnov, Oleg (3 April 2020). "Верёвкина" [Verëvkina]. speleoatlas.ru – Caving atlas of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (in الروسية). Русское географическое общество / Russian Geographic Society. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  13. ^ САМОХИН, Г.В.; ТОКАРЕВ, С.В.; СЕРЕДА, А.И; ЗАХАРОВ, Е.В.; БРАГА, Е.В (2023). "ТРАССИРОВАНИЕ ГЛУБОЧАЙШИХ КАРСТОВЫХ СИСТЕМ МАССИВА АРАБИКА (ЗАПАДНЫЙ КАВКАЗ): РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА 2022 Г."
  14. ^ "Трассирование подземных вод массива Арбаика (Арабика)". Русское географическое общество (in الروسية). 2023-02-05. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  15. ^ Barashkov, Aleksei. "Веревкина, с 30 июля по 17 августа 2023 г." [Verevkina cave, from July 30 to August 17, 2023]. vk.com (in الروسية). Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  16. ^ Barashkov, Aleksei (20 September 2024). "В период с 2 по 25 августа текущего года ..." [In the time from 2 to 25 August this year ...]. vk.com (in الروسية). Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  17. ^ Snetkov, Evgenij. "В пещере Веревкина произошло ЧП" [An emergency situation occurred in Verëvkina Cave]. vk.com (in الروسية). Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  18. ^ Snetkov, Evgenij. "Веревкина. Вчера, 17 августа 2021г. ..." [Verëvkina. Yesterday, 17 August 2021 ...]. vk.com (in الروسية). Retrieved 28 August 2021.

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