مؤسسة تمويل التنمية الدولية الأمريكية

مؤسسة تمويل التنمية الدولية الأمريكية
وكالة استعراض
تشكلت20 ديسمبر 2019
agency السابقة
المقر الرئيسيواشنطن دي سي
الشعار الحاديالاستثمار في التنمية
الميزانية السنوية1 بليون دولار (س.م. 2026)[1]
تنفيذي الوكالةs
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.dfc.gov

The United States International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is an agency of the United States federal government that invests in development projects primarily in lower and middle-income countries.[2] First authorized on October 5, 2018, by the BUILD Act, the independent agency was formed on December 20, 2019 by merging the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) with the Development Credit Authority (DCA) of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), as well as with several other smaller offices and funds.[3][4]

The DFC provides loans, loan guarantees, direct equity investments, and political risk insurance to support private-sector-led development projects, as well as funding for feasibility studies and technical assistance.[5] DFC invests across several sectors including energy, healthcare, critical infrastructure, and technology,[6] with stated priorities of women's empowerment, innovation, investment in West Africa and the Western Hemisphere, and climate change.[7]

الغرض

The DFC seeks to promote private sector investment and expertise in the economic development of countries that are either developing or transitioning to market-based economies. Its activities are intended to support U.S. development assistance and foreign policy goals. In evaluating projects for financial support, the DFC considers both their economic and financial viability and their potential development impact.[8]

التاريخ

U.S. development finance efforts were consolidated under the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) in 1969 by President Richard Nixon, transferring responsibility from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The goal was to promote a more business-like management of development finance policy. During the 2010s, the Obama administration supported further consolidation of U.S. development finance in response to growing Chinese investment in developing countries, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative.[9]

The Trump administration originally opposed OPIC, and its proposed 2018 budget had called for the elimination of OPIC altogether,[10][11] but advocacy by some administration officials, senators, and others convinced the White House to support the consolidation of OPIC and development finance efforts in line with the President's policy priorities.[10][12] Shortly thereafter, the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development (BUILD) Act was written to establish the DFC.[12][13]

قانون البناء

The BUILD Act was introduced in the House and Senate in February 2018 with broad bipartisan support,[14] based on proposals drafted by researchers at the Center for Global Development.[13] It was passed in the House and then passed the Senate as a part of a bill to reauthorize the Federal Aviation Administration on a vote of 93–6 in early October 2018.[11] It was signed into law by President Trump on October 5.[15]

Concerns about growing Chinese investment abroad and the limits of U.S. development finance helped drive the Act's passage. The new DFC is largely seen as a way to counter China, especially its Belt and Road Initiative.[11][14][16][17][18]

The BUILD Act was intended to address limitations in existing U.S. development finance policy, particularly those affecting OPIC. Unlike OPIC, the Act permits the DFC to make equity investments, reduces U.S. citizenship requirements for investment participants, allows the agency to assume greater risk on individual projects, and enables lending in local currencies.[19] DFC's total spending cap for its investments was also raised to $60 billion, compared to $29 billion for OPIC.[14]

إعادة التفويض

For the DFC to continue operating, it required congressional reauthorization by October 6, 2025. This was achieved via the DFC Modernization and Reauthorization Act of 2025,[20] which was ultimately enacted as part of the FY2026 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).[21]

The reauthorization extended the agency's mandate for six years (through the end of 2031) and raised its maximum contingent liability, the cap on its outstanding investment exposure, from $60 billion to $205 billion. It also created a $5 billion equity revolving fund and increased the DFC's equity investment authority to permit minority ownership stakes of up to 40 percent.[21]

The reauthorization also expanded the geographic scope of DFC's investment authority to cover all countries other than the twenty highest-income nations. Investments in those countries remain permitted in two circumstances: when made in the Five Eyes countries and their territories, and when made in the energy, critical minerals and rare earths, or information and communications technology sectors (including undersea cables).[21]

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) proposed doubling the spending cap to $120bn and giving the institution more independence as part of reauthorisation.[22]

الاستثمارات والأولويات

The DFC invests in sectors such as sanitation, infrastructure, healthcare, and food security. Its broader investment priorities include promoting innovation, supporting sustainable employment, protecting workers’ rights, advancing women’s economic empowerment, and strengthening global supply chains.[23] The DFC states that its investments aim to advance global development, U.S. foreign policy, and U.S. taxpayer interests.[12]

Specific initiatives of the DFC include the 2X Women's Initiative, inherited from OPIC, that focuses on women-owned businesses and/or products and services designed to empower women.[24] DFC has collaborated with USAID and other U.S. agencies in the Power Africa program, which has facilitated power sector deals across the continent,[25] and the Prosper Africa Initiative, launched in 2018 with the goal of promoting U.S.-Africa investment and trade, countering Chinese influence.[25][26]

الاستجابة لكوڤيد-19

On May 14, 2020, President Trump signed an Executive Order that delegated authority to the DFC Chief Executive Officer to make loans to private institutions to support the response to COVID-19 or strengthen relevant supply chains.[27] The Trump administration, through the DFC, announced a $765 million loan to Kodak to make drug ingredients, aiming to rebuild supplies drained by COVID-19 and cut reliance on foreign factories.[28] The funding was put on hold as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began probing allegations of insider trading by Kodak executives ahead of the deal's announcement,[29] and DFC's inspector general announced scrutiny into the loan terms.[30] The agency received criticism for the loan deal.[31]

The agency has also given millions of dollars to ApiJect Systems.[32]

المشروعات النشطة

The Active Projects Database shows a selection of recent DFC commitments.[33]

السنة المشروع البلد الاستثمارات $ USD
2024 ProCredit Bank Ukraine Ukraine Finance $28.0M
2024 Savannah Niger Wind Farm Niger Project Development $1.2M
2025 Pula Advisors TA Worldwide Project Development $4.8M
2025 Millennial Potash Banio Project Gabon Project Development $3.0M
2026 Orion CMC USA LP Worldwide Finance $500M
2026 Capital Sisters International, Inc. Philippines Insurance $475k

القيادة

بنجامين بلاك، الرئيس التنفيذي للشركة منذ عام 2025.

On June 18, 2025, Benjamin Black was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as CEO, and was confirmed on October 7, 2025.[34]

The prior CEO, Scott Nathan, was nominated by the Biden-Harris Administration in September 2021 and was confirmed February 9, 2022.[35][36]

No. CEO Tenure
1 Adam S. Boehler October 1, 2019 – January 20, 2021
– Dev Jagadesan
(Acting) 		January 20, 2021 – February 9, 2022
2 Scott A. Nathan February 9, 2022 – January 20, 2025
– Dev Jagadesan
(Acting) 		January 20, 2025 – October 7, 2025
3 Benjamin Black October 7, 2025 – Present

The position of deputy CEO was first filled in 2023 by Nisha Desai Biswal.[37]

No. Deputy CEO Tenure
1 Nisha Desai Biswal August 14, 2023 – January 20, 2025

مجلس الإدارة

The board of directors is composed of nine members, four appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate and five ex officio members. The five ex officio members are the CEO of the DFC, the U.S. secretary of state, the administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the U.S. secretary of the treasury, and the U.S. secretary of commerce. Apart from the CEO, these may be represented on the board by their designees. A designee must be from among officers who are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; whose duties relate to the programs of the Corporation; and who is designated by and serving at the pleasure of the President.[38]

Of the four appointed members, one each shall be appointed from lists of at least five individuals submitted by the speaker, and minority and majority leader of the House of Representatives and Senate, respectively. In making their lists, they shall consult with their parties' leader on the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Committee on Foreign Relations, respectively. These members may not be an officer or employee of the U.S. government, and shall have relevant experience, which may include experience relating to the private sector, the environment, labor organizations, or international development.[38]

These four serve terms of three years, and may be reappointed to one additional term. They may continue to serve after the expiration of each of their terms of office until a successor has been confirmed.[38]

The secretary of state, or their designee, serves as the chairperson of the board. The administrator of USAID, or their designee, serves as the vice chairperson. A majority of the members of the board constitutes a quorum.[38]

الأعضاء الحاليون

The current board members اعتبارا من 15 مايو 2026 (2026-05-15):[39]

Position Name Party Assumed office Term expiration
الرئيس (بحكم منصبه)
وزير الخارجية 		ماركو روبيو جمهوري January 21, 2025 —
Vice chair (ex officio)
Administrator of USAID 		Ueland, EricEric Ueland جمهوري November 24, 2025 —
Member (ex officio)
CEO of the DFC 		Black, BenjaminBenjamin Black جمهوري October 7, 2025 —
عضو (بحكم منصبه)
وزير الخزانة 		سكوت بسنت جمهوري January 28, 2025 —
عضو (بحكم منصبه)
وزير التجارة 		[[هوارد لوتنيك] Republican February 21, 2025 —
Member Vincze, Christopher P.Christopher P. Vincze Republican June 13, 2019 December 17, 2019
Member Parekh, Deven J.Deven J. Parekh Democratic December 16, 2020 December 16, 2023
Member Bailey II, Irving W.Irving W. Bailey II Republican December 16, 2020 December 16, 2023
Member Vacant

نقد

Commentators have criticised the DFC's investments in upper-middle-income countries that are apparently intended to achieve U.S. foreign policy objectives other than international development, describing these investments as mission creep.[40][41]

Scott Morris of the Center for Global Development has criticised federal budget rules that require the DFC to treat equity investments as expenditures "with no offsetting allowance for [their] expected financial returns," unlike loans, which are budgeted based on their subsidy costs.[42]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Congress Reaches Agreement on FY26 International Affairs Spending". U.S. Global Leadership Coalition. يناير 29, 2026. Retrieved مايو 19, 2026.
  2. ^ Akhtar, Shayerah I.; Brown, Nick M. (10 January 2022). U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues. Congressional Research Service. p. 13. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47006. 
  3. ^ "President Donald J. Trump Signs H.R. 302 into Law". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved أكتوبر 15, 2018 – via National Archives.
  4. ^ Thrush, Glenn (أكتوبر 14, 2018). "Trump Embraces Foreign Aid to Counter China's Global Influence". The New York Times. Retrieved أكتوبر 15, 2018.
  5. ^ U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. Congressional Research Service. February 2022. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11436. 
  6. ^ Akhtar and Brown 2022, p. 19.
  7. ^ Akhtar and Brown 2022, pg. i.
  8. ^ 22 U.S. Code § 9612 - United States International Development Finance Corporation
  9. ^ Akhtar and Brown 2022, pp. 1–4.
  10. ^ أ ب Kuo, Mercy A. (أكتوبر 25, 2018). "The US International Development Finance Corporation and China:Insights from Riva Levinson". The Diplomat. Retrieved مارس 21, 2022.
  11. ^ أ ب ت Zengerle, Patricia (أكتوبر 3, 2018). "Congress, eying China, votes to overhaul development finance". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مارس 21, 2022.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Akhtar and Brown 2022, pp. 3–4.
  13. ^ أ ب Saldinger, Adva (ديسمبر 5, 2018). "How policy wonks, politicos, and a conservative Republican remade US aid". Devex. Retrieved مارس 22, 2022.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Runde, Daniel F.; Bandura, Romina (أكتوبر 12, 2018). "The BUILD Act Has Passed: What's Next?" (in الإنجليزية). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved مارس 22, 2022.
  15. ^ Akhtar, Shayerah I.; Lawson, Marian L. (15 January 2019). BUILD Act: Frequently Asked Questions About the New U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. Congressional Research Service. p. 5. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45461.pdf. 
  16. ^ Kliman, Daniel (نوفمبر 16, 2018). "Leverage the new US International Development Finance Corporation to compete with China". The Hill. Retrieved أغسطس 12, 2019.
  17. ^ Akhtar and Lawson 2019, p. 4.
  18. ^ Lo, Kinling (يناير 12, 2020). "US International Development Finance Corporation targets Asia as Washington seeks to offer alternative to Chinese cash". South China Morning Post (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved مارس 22, 2022.
  19. ^ Runde, Daniel F.; Bandura, Romina; Staguhn, Janina (2020). How Can the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation Effectively Source Deals?. Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 3. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26417. 
  20. ^ "Reauthorizing DFC: A Primer for Policymakers | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أبريل 6, 2025.
  21. ^ أ ب ت "DFC Secures Expanded Authorities with FY26 NDAA Signed into Law | DFC". www.dfc.gov (in الإنجليزية). ديسمبر 18, 2025. Retrieved أبريل 27, 2026.
  22. ^ Runde, Daniel (فبراير 14, 2025). "The Clock is Ticking for DFC Reauthorization". CSIS.
  23. ^ Akhtar and Brown 2022, pp. 19–20.
  24. ^ Akhtar and Brown 2022, p. 20.
  25. ^ أ ب Runde, Bandura and Staguhn, pp. 3–4.
  26. ^ Cook, Nicolas; Williams, Brock R. (17 November 2020). The Trump Administration's Prosper Africa Initiative. Congressional Research Service. p. 1. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF11384.pdf. 
  27. ^ "EO on Delegating Authority Under the DPA to the CEO of the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to Respond to the COVID-19 Outbreak – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2024.
  28. ^ Rampton, Roberta (يوليو 28, 2020). "Trump Gives Medical Stockpile A 'Kodak Moment' With New Loan To Make Drugs". NPR (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أكتوبر 28, 2020.
  29. ^ Michaels, Dave; Francis, Theo (أغسطس 4, 2020). "Kodak Loan Disclosure and Stock Surge Under SEC Investigation". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved أكتوبر 28, 2020.
  30. ^ Levy, Rachael (سبتمبر 14, 2020). "Kodak Deal Draws Review From Watchdog at Agency Involved in Planned Loan". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved أكتوبر 28, 2020.
  31. ^ Rappeport, Alan; Swanson, Ana; Thrush, Glenn (أكتوبر 25, 2020). "Kodak Loan Debacle Puts a New Agency in the Hot Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved أكتوبر 28, 2020.
  32. ^ "U.S. Bets On Small, Untested Company to Deliver COVID Vaccine". FRONTLINE (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved أبريل 21, 2021.
  33. ^ "DFC - Active Projects". أبريل 2026.
  34. ^ "PN25-5 - Nomination of Benjamin Black for United States International Development Finance Corporation, 119th Congress (2025-2026)". www.congress.gov. أكتوبر 7, 2025. Retrieved أكتوبر 23, 2025.
  35. ^ Lizza, Ryan (فبراير 24, 2022). "POLITICO Playbook: War in Europe". Politico. Retrieved مارس 13, 2022.
  36. ^ "Scott Nathan". dfc.gov. Archived from the original on أغسطس 13, 2024. Retrieved أغسطس 13, 2024.
  37. ^ "PN483 — Nisha Desai Biswal — United States International Development Finance Corporation". United States Congress. يوليو 27, 2023.
  38. ^ أ ب ت ث قالب:USCode
  39. ^ "Board of Directors". DFC.gov. U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. Retrieved مايو 15, 2026.
  40. ^ Landers, Clemence; Morris, Scott; Kenny, Charles; Lee, Nancy; Estes, Jocilyn (مارس 25, 2021). "Is DFC Going To Be a Development Finance Institution or a Foreign Policy Bank?". Center for Global Development. Retrieved يناير 17, 2022.
  41. ^ Savoy, Conor M. (سبتمبر 20, 2021). "Mission Creep at the Development Finance Corporation". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved يناير 17, 2022.
  42. ^ Morris, Scott (أبريل 19, 2021). "Current Budget Rules Stand in the Way of a Reasonable Path for US DFC to Realize Ambition on Climate and Pandemic Response". Center for Global Development. Retrieved يناير 17, 2022.

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