جچپوسپوليتا

(تم التحويل من Rzeczpospolita)
For other uses, see جچپوسپوليتا (توضيح).
جچپوسپوليتا الأولى (الكومنولث الپولندي-اللتواني)
جچپوسپوليتا الثانية
جچپوسپوليتا الثالثة، موضحة ضمن الاتحاد الأوروپي (عضو منذ 2004)

جچپوسپوليتا ( Rzeczpospolita ؛ [ʐɛt​͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita] ( استمع)) هو الاسم الرسمي لپولندا واسم تقليدي لبعض الولايات السابقة لها. وهو اسم مركب من rzecz "شيء" و pospolita "مشترك/عمومي"، وهي تطور من اللاتينية rés pública (rés "الكيان" + pública "العمومي")، أي republic "جمهورية"، وبالإنگليزية تُكتب أيضاً commonwealth "كومنولث" (تاريخي) و republic "جمهورية" (حالياً).

في پولندا، كلمة rzeczpospolita تُستخدم حصرياً فيما يتعلق بجمهورية پولندا، بينما أي جمهورية أخرى يشار إليها في الپولندية بإسم republika، مثل الجمهورية الفرنسية – Republika Francuska.

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الأصول

The term rzeczpospolita has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 16th century. It was adapted for Poland, as it at that time had a unique republican system, similar to the former Roman rés pública. The famous quote by Jan Zamoyski, the Lord Chancellor of the Crown, on the importance of education is an example of its use:

Takie będą Rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie.

Such will be the Commonwealths as the upbringing of their youth.

— Jan Zamoyski، Foundation Act of the Academy of Zamość; 1600

The meaning of rzeczpospolita is well described by the term commonwealth. As a result, the literal meaning of Rzeczpospolita Polska is "Polish Commonwealth", or "Republic of Poland". Although the first Rzeczpospolita was an elective monarchy, the king had no real power, as most of the state affairs were regulated by the parliament and senate, known as the Sejm.

The Latin name for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is Rés Pública Poloniae.[بحاجة لمصدر]


"الجچپوسپوليتا پولسكا" الثلاث

Rzeczpospolita is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the history of Poland:[أ]

  • جچپوسپوليتا پولسكا الأولى (پولندية: Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita) (sometimes translated as the "الجمهورية الپولندية الأولى"), in reference to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795). During this period, the commonwealth was ruled de facto by a privileged class called the szlachta, which had (among numerous others) the right to elect both the king and parliament (the Sejm). This political system is known as the Golden Liberty. It began with the Union of Lublin in 1569 and ended with the third and final Partition of Poland in 1795. Sometimes the term I Rzeczpospolita is used in reference to the country before the Union of Lublin too, because the szlachta started limiting king's autocracy starting in the early 1500s.
  • جچپوسپوليتا پولسكا الثانية (پولندية: Druga Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the الجمهورية الپولندية الثانية (1918–1939). Used to refer to the interwar period, lasting from the regaining of independence in 1918 following the end of World War I up to the World War II-triggering invasion of Poland in 1939 by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The renascent Polish State was initially called the Republic of Poland (پولندية: Republika Polska). The title Rzeczpospolita was introduced by the March Constitution of Poland, the first article of which stated that Państwo Polskie jest Rzecząpospolitą, meaning "the Polish State is a Commonwealth".
  • جچپوسپوليتا پولسكا الثالثة (پولندية: Trzecia Rzeczpospolita), in reference to the current الجمهورية الپولندية الثالثة (1990–present). This is the title of the present-day Polish state, dating from the fall of the جمهورية پولندا الشعبية (a satellite state of the Soviet Union) and the reintroduction of democratic elections in Poland – the 1990 local government elections (27 May 1990) were أول انتخابات حرة في پولندا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية.

استخدامات أخرى

Expressions that make use the concept of rzeczpospolita include:

  • Rzeczpospolita szlachecka – Republic of Nobles (szlachta), another name for the I Rzeczpospolita;
  • Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów – The Commonwealth of the Both Nations, another name for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth;
  • Rzeczpospolita Babińska – Babin Republic, a satirical literary society, founded by a group of nobles during the second half of the 16th century;
  • Rzeczpospolita Krakowska – Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków (1815–1846);
  • Rzeczpospolita Zakopiańska – Republic of Zakopane, a short-lasting form of an independent state, established for about a month in October 1918;
  • Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa – People's Republic of Poland, a name used formally from 1952 to 1990; was often abbreviated to simply Rzeczpospolita Polska or PRL. Sometimes refers (wrongly) to the post-war period 1944–1952.
  • Czwarta Rzeczpospolita – Fourth Polish Republic, a slogan used by the political party Law and Justice.

Nowadays, the terms Rzeczpospolita and Rzeczpospolita Polska are used interchangeably, so far as they relate to the Polish state by default.

Before 1939, Rzeczpospolita was sometimes abbreviated to Rzplita in written documents, while RP is still a common abbreviation for Rzeczpospolita Polska.

The Lithuanian word Žečpospolita is a direct borrowing from Polish. The East Slavic equivalents of the name are: روسية: Речь Посполитая, romanized: Rječ Pospolitaja; أوكرانية: Річ Посполита, romanized: Rič Pospolyta; بالبيلاروسية: Рэч Паспалітая.

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The above list is not a complete list of official titles for the Polish State throughout its history; it is a list of those which are referred to as a rzeczpospolita.

المراجع

  • "Polska. Historia. Trzecia Rzeczpospolita" (in البولندية). PWN online encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

وصلات خارجية

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