أزمة الطاقة الإيرانية

(تم التحويل من Iranian energy crisis)
انظر أيضاً: الأزمة الاقتصادية الإيرانية

على الرغم من تمتع البلاد باحتياطات ضخمة من النفط والغاز،[1][2] تعاني إيران من أزمة طاقة حادة]]. أزمة الطاقة الإيرانية هي مشكلة متعددة الأوجه تفاقمت بفعل مجموعة من العوامل، من بينها سوء الإدارة، العقوبات الدولية، وهيمنة الصناعات التابعة للحرس الثوري الإيراني. وبحلول نوفمبر 2024، واجهت إيران أخطر أزمة طاقة منذ عقود، مع انقطاعات متكررة للتيار الكهربائي واضطرابات في إمدادات الغاز الطبيعي.[3] تعاني البنية التحتية للطاقة في البلاد من التقادم والإهمال، حيث تعمل العديد من المصافي ومحطات توليد الطاقة بأقل من طاقتها الإنتاجية. كما أن إمدادات الطاقة في إيران غير موثوقة، مع انقطاعات متكررة ونقص في الإمدادات يؤثر على الحياة اليومية والصناعات والخدمات الأساسية. وقد أعاق تحكم الحرس الثوري الإيراني في الصناعات الرئيسية، بما في ذلك توليد وتوزيع الطاقة، الإدارة الفعالة والتخطيط الاستراتيجي. وقد فاقم إعطاء الحكومة الأولوية للمصالح السياسية على حساب الإدارة الفعالة وتطوير البنية التحتية من حدة الأزم.[4] A notable example in the extensive usage that the IRGC make in electricity to mine cryptocurrency which "leaves Iran in the dark.[5]

خريطة لحقول النفط الإيرانية.

على الرغم من النقص المستمر في الطاقة، تواصل إيران تصدير الكهرباء، مع ارتفاع بنسبة 92% تقريباً في الأشهر الأربعة الأولى من عام 2023 مقارنة بالفترة نفسها من عام 2022.[6][7][8][9]

أدت أزمة الطاقة إلى تتوقف 50% من الأنشطة الصناعية.[10] في يناير وفبراير 2025، حدثت عمليات إغلاق شاملة متواصلة شملت المدارس والصناعات الإيرانية.[11][12] ومنذ فبراير 2025، تعاني إيران من انقطاعات يومية للتيار الكهربائي، تستمر كل منها لمدة 3-4 ساعات.[13]

لا يؤثر نقص الطاقة بالتساوي على جميع شرائح السكان. فعلى سبيل المثال، في طهران، لم تشهد الأحياء الشمالية سوى 1% من انقطاعات التيار الكهربائي، بينما عانت الأحياء الجنوبية الأفقر من انقطاعات بنسبة 32%.[5] أدت حالة الأزمة المزدوجة إلى نقص حاد في الغذاء واندلاع موجة من الاحتجاجات، وإضرابات عمالية في قطاع النقل الجماعي.[14] في ديسمبر 2025، بدأت إيران في استيراد المياه من البلدان المجاورة الشمالية وأفغانستان.[15][16] كما أسست منظمة إدارة الطاقة الاستراتيجية.[17] أمر آية الله علي خامنئي الشعب بترشيد استهلاكهم من الطعام والخبز والماء والطاقة والوقود.[18]

حرب إيران 2026

In May 2026 Iranian regime reported that they will introduce rolling blackouts.[19]

ما بعد حرب 2025

By November 80% of wetlands were reported to have dried up. Masoud Pezeshkian urged Iranian capital relocation. The government signed a plan with Russia to build 4 nuclear power plants for deal worth $25 billion.[20] As of November 2025 Tehran faced water shortage. In his speech Khamenei said people must go to God for rain. The government raised gas prices to 5000. Government also constantly shutdown schools, banks and public offices nationally due to air pollution from mazut.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

انقطاع الكهرباء

In the winter of 2024 Iran experienced [7][30] its most severe energy crisis in decades, with frequent power outages and disruptions to natural gas supplies.[3] The authorities announced widespread closures of schools, universities, and government offices, and shopping centers in the capital Tehran and 17 Iranian provinces to save energy. Numerous highways and streets experienced blackouts, including a 24-hour power outage on the critical Haraz road, which connects Tehran to northern cities. Many schools switched to remote learning, while others remain closed across several provinces.[31][32][33] In the summer of 2024, Iran's electricity shortage was estimated at around 14,000 megawatts, equivalent to twice the total electricity production of Azerbaijan. Previous estimates by the Ministry of Energy and the Majlis Research Center indicated that Iran needed to add 5,000 megawatts (7%) to its electricity production annually to avoid shortages. However, official statistics show that this target wasnot met in recent years.[34] In total, the energy imbalance in 2024 was about 300 million cubic meters a day.[35]

Iran's energy supply is unreliable, with frequent blackouts and shortages affecting daily life, industries, and essential services.[36][37][38]

احتلال توازن الطاقة

Iran has faced a decade-long imbalance in its energy market. Electricity consumption has been increasing by 4% year since 2010, reaching 292 TWh (Terawatt hours) in 2022. The residential sector represents 33% of electricity consumption, followed by industry (33%) and services (18%) sectors. The remainder (16%) is consumed in the oil and gas industries.[39]

Per capita energy consumption stands at 3.2 TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalent - this measure represents the quantity of energy contained in a ton of crude oil[40]). The per capita consumption of energy in Iran is similar to the Middle East or the EU averages.[39]

Since 2016, natural gas has accounted for about 70% of total energy consumption, with its share steadily increasing by 10 percentage points since 2010. In contrast, the share of oil in total consumption has decreased by nearly 10 percentage points, reaching 30% in 2022. Primary electricity, mainly from hydro sources, represents a marginal share of 1%.[39]

Each year, Iran supplies 70 bcm of gas to power plants, nearly 1.5 times Turkey's total gas consumption. In summer 2024, Iran experienced a 14,000-megawatt electricity shortage. Despite a nominal capacity of over 92 GW, much of Iran’s power plants are outdated, with significant portions of steam and gas plants exceeding 30 years in age. The reason for the underinvestment is the economic sanctions on Iran and government restrictions. The Ministry of Energy, the sole buyer of electricity, has limited private sector incentives by preventing the formation of energy market, thus creating a growing government debt to private plant owners has further hindered investment. By early 2024, the government’s debt to private power plant owners had surpassed $2 billion. Iran’s financial strain is worsened by $30 billion in electricity subsidies and $52 billion for petroleum products in 2023 which causes an increase in the consumption. Moreover, 13% of electricity is lost in the outdated transmission and distribution network, costing the country $4-5 billion annually.[41][42]

This results in frequent power outages during peak summer and a daily gas deficit of 250 million cubic meters in winter, costing industries at least $8 billion annually.[41]

اختلال توازن الغاز

Iran is the world's fourth-largest gas consumer, consuming more gas than 30 European countries combined. The country produces around 260 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas annually, with 18 bcm allocated for export and the rest consumed domestically. Iran's gas demand has grown significantly, from 153 bcm in 2013 to 245 bcm in 2023, driven primarily by the residential sector, vehicles, and power plants.[41]

Iran's gas infrastructure is inefficient, with significant losses due to flaring, leaks, and low productivity. The country flares 18 bcm of gas annually due to inadequate collection equipment, and 7 bcm is lost in the transmission and distribution network each year. Furthermore, Iran's thermal power plants operate at just 33% efficiency, and 13% of electricity is lost during transmission.[41]

Economic sanctions over the past two decades have hindered foreign investment in Iran’s energy sector, limiting the development of gas production capacity and power plants. Despite having substantial gas reserves in joint fields, many remain undeveloped due to lack of investment. The stalled development of the South Pars gas field has worsened the imbalance, and Iran's oil minister warned in 2022 that without $240 billion in investment, Iran could become a net energy importer.[41][43]

While neighboring countries like Turkey diversify their energy mix by balancing coal, natural gas, oil, and renewables, Iran remains heavily reliant on natural gas.[43][41]

تعدين العملات المشفرة

انظر أيضاً: العملات المشفرة في إيران

The cryptocurrency market in Iran is flourishing. Bitcoin mining is highly energy-intensive, requiring substantial electrical resources. Iran's power grid is both fragile and costly to maintain, with frequent outages and a loss of about 13% of electricity during transmission.[44] Iran's pursuit of expanding cryptocurrency mining farms, particularly for Bitcoin, which began to bypass the imposed international sanction has diverted significant amounts of electricity (approximately 600 megawatts) away from the public grid.[45][46]

الفساد وسوء الإدارة

Iran, heavily reliant on petroleum revenues, has some of the largest reserves of oil and natural gas in the world, but it struggles with energy shortages due to poor planning, outdated infrastructure, and the impact of international sanctions. Despite these challenges, Iran's government has failed to modernize its electricity sector, leading to frequent power outages and energy crises throughout the year. One of the main issues exacerbating Iran’s energy shortages is the rampant smuggling of fuel. The government claims to have increased fuel exports. Iran’s subsidized fuel, which is much cheaper than in neighboring countries, makes it highly attractive to smugglers. As a result, large quantities of gasoline and diesel are illicitly exported, leaving the domestic market with insufficient supplies. Lawmaker Malek Shariati revealed that around 1.5 billion liters of liquid fuel are smuggled from power plants each year, with smuggling activities often involving forged documents and low fines that make such crimes profitable.[47][48]

The privatization of key power plants in recent years has also contributed to the deterioration of Iran’s energy sector. Faced with budget constraints, the government transferred many power plants to private, often politically connected, investors. However, these new owners have failed to invest in necessary upgrades or maintenance, allowing the plants to fall into disrepair. For example, power plants such as the Abadan and Zagros plants were handed over to powerful organizations like Setad and the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs at highly discounted prices, enriching regime insiders while doing little to address the country’s energy needs.[47][48]

A further complication arises from a controversial new privatization plan in the latest budget, which allows military and state-connected entities, such as the General Staff of the Armed Forces, to sell oil and retain the profits. This practice, used in the past for illicit oil exports during sanctions, has raised alarms about ongoing corruption within Iran. A notable case of such corruption occurred in 2013 when businessman Babak Zanjani was arrested for embezzling $2.7 billion through illegal oil sales.[47][48]

أزمة 2024–2025

شتاء 2024-2025: انقطاع الكهرباء

In November 2024, after demand for electricity during the summer caused frequent blackouts, a severe gas shortage caused the government to prepare to impose more blackouts on the population during the winter.[49] By December 2024, Iranian government offices were operating only partially or were closed entirely, schools and colleges transitioned to online learning only, power to shopping malls and highways were was cut off and due to reduced power supply industry almost halted.[50] The result of the power shortage was shutdowns in 23 Iranian provinces.[51][52]

In mid-December 2024, Iran faced a severe energy crisis as a cold snap led to natural gas shortages and nationwide electricity blackouts.[53] The government ordered the shutdown of schools, offices, banks, and businesses across major provinces (including Tehran) to conserve energy amid subzero temperatures. Energy Minister Abbas Aliabadi reported that 13 power plants had gone offline due to a lack of fuel, warning that the electricity supply would remain constrained until more gas or diesel could be delivered. Unannounced power outages hit millions of homes for hours at a time, and even industrial sectors faced massive power cuts. In some cases, authorities imposed rolling blackouts rather than burning additional low-quality fuel oil (mazut), which would worsen pollution.[53] Despite these efforts, air quality deteriorated sharply in cities like Tehran and Arak, as many plants resorted to burning mazut. A local lawmaker in Arak angrily described the renewed mazut burning as “an order to kill people” due to its lethal pollution.[51] President Masoud Pezeshkian issued a public apology for the fuel shortages and appealed to citizens to help by lowering their thermostats by 2 °C to reduce gas consumption.[54][53] Officials noted that a 3–4 °C drop in temperature could raise nationwide gas use by about 25 million cubic meters per day.[55]

The crisis persisted into January 2025. On 10 January, authorities again ordered schools and government offices closed in roughly one-third of the country’s provinces as several power plants remained shut for lack of fuel.[56] Despite Iran’s enormous oil and gas reserves, sanctions and underinvestment have left its refineries and power stations unable to meet peak winter demand.[57] The government cited the need to manage electricity consumption during a deep freeze, as temperatures in northern Iran fell to –20 °C.[54] Iran’s energy shortages were also exacerbated by alleged sabotage: Reports claimed that a February 2024 attack on a major gas pipeline (attributed to Israel) forced Iran to draw heavily on emergency gas reserves, leaving supplies dangerously depleted ahead of winter.[58] By late January, intermittent blackouts and gas cuts were still commonplace, though officials briefly paused some blackouts during the ten-day anniversary of the 1979 Revolution to avoid public anger.[52]

تصاعد الأزمة: فبراير 2025

A new cold wave in early February 2025 triggered further energy shortfalls. The government preemptively closed offices and switched schools to online learning on multiple days to “preserve energy stability” amid the frigid weather.[59] Widespread blackouts resumed once the Revolution anniversary events concluded, sparking frustration as many suspected the outages had been deliberately timed around political dates.[52] On 24–25 February, Iran announced full or partial shutdowns in at least 25–27 provinces (out of 31) due to acute shortages of both electricity and natural gas.[60][61] Even Tehran was effectively shut for consecutive days, with government services, banks, and schools closed as heating gas pressure fell and power plants lacked fuel. IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency noted that by early January, at least 80 of the country’s 600 power stations had halted operations due to fuel scarcity, cutting national generation capacity by about 8,000 MW (14%) (irannewsupdate.com). To keep lights on, many power plants burned diesel fuel instead of gas, adding to urban smog and prompting health warnings.[60] In the capital and other cities, streetlights and highway lights were turned off at night to conserve power, plunging areas into darkness.[53] The repeated closures of workplaces and schools further disrupted daily life. By late February, public institutions had been closed for roughly 11-12 days within a single month, a situation one Iranian newspaper described as unparalleled.[62][61] According to Tasnim, each day of nationwide school closure costs the economy an estimated 10,000 billion rials and severely sets back students’ learning.[62] The head of Iran’s Statistics Center acknowledged inflation was running above 30% in early 2025, and the energy crisis compounded the broader economic malaise.[62]

بعد فبراير 2025

From February 2025 onward, over 70% of provinces reported recurring outages, ranging from unannounced blackouts to structured electricity rationing in major cities.[63] On 5 May 2025, authorities in Tehran officially implemented a rolling blackout schedule for residential districts in response to rising demand and generation deficits[64][65]

The industrial sector has been one of the hardest hit by post-February blackouts. In Fars Province, repeated electricity and gas interruptions have forced many workshops to shut down or cut shifts, raising concerns about unemployment.[66] The Aria Steel Factory in Ardestan, for instance, reduced operations to just 20% of capacity, laying off at least 40 workers due to energy constraints.[67] Nationwide, manufacturers reported operating at only 50% of normal capacity, with total losses across industrial sectors estimated at up to US$20 billion.[68] The steel and cement industries were especially affected due to their reliance on continuous energy supplies.

President Pezeshkian and other officials began to speak openly of the government’s embarrassment. In a late February speech, Pezeshkian admitted “we let the people down” with the winter blackouts and gas cuts, saying his administration was “ashamed” that it had to ration power for both households and industry.[62] He called the winter’s outcome “unacceptable” and vowed to “strive to move out of this situation next year” .[62] Critics, including some in Iran’s parliament, charged that the rolling shutdowns were merely “covering up the problem” instead of addressing root causes.[61] On social media, many Iranians described the widespread energy closures and factory stoppages as signs of “bankruptcy” or “collapse” of governance. Notably, U.S. President Donald Trump even reposted news about Iran’s power shortages with the comment, “This is how regimes fall”.[60][61]

In August 2025 Iran has announced sweeping closures across multiple provinces including the capital due to soaring temperatures amid severe electricity and water shortages.[69]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Iran Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption Statistics - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  2. ^ "Iran Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption Statistics - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  3. ^ أ ب فردا, رادیو (12 December 2024). "بازگشت دوباره خاموشی‌ها به خاطر مشکل سوخت در ایران". رادیو فردا – via www.radiofarda.com.
  4. ^ "بحران انرژی چگونه صنعت ایران را زمین‌گیر می‌کند؟ - ایسنا". www.isna.ir. 16 November 2024.
  5. ^ أ ب "Power Outages in Iran: The Rich Stay Lit, The Poor Go Dark". iranwire.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  6. ^ Ziabari, Kourosh. "Why Iran is facing a crippling energy crisis". Why Iran is facing a crippling energy crisis.
  7. ^ أ ب Qaed, Anas Al (13 November 2022). "Winter is Coming: Iran's Looming Energy Crisis".
  8. ^ Stern, Roger (2 January 2007). "The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (1): 377–382. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104..377S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603903104. PMC 1749323. PMID 17190820.
  9. ^ Sepehri, Vahid. "Power Cuts In An Energy-Rich Land". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  10. ^ "Half of Iran's industrial capacity halted by energy crisis". 28 December 2024.
  11. ^ "تعطیلی مدارس این استان ها تا الان تائید شد | آیا ادارات و بانک ها هم فردا 24 دی ماه تعطیل هستند؟". 12 January 2025.
  12. ^ Fassihi, Farnaz; Nikounazar, Leily; Khamooshi, Arash (21 December 2024). "Iran's Energy Crisis Hits 'Dire' Point as Industries Are Forced to Shut Down". The New York Times.
  13. ^ "شهروندان می‌گویند قطعی مکرر برق زندگیشان را مختل کرده".
  14. ^ "Iran faces twin crises: Power grid on the brink and nutrition in decline". 30 May 2025.
  15. ^ Sharifi, Kian (5 December 2025). "Iran Turns To Water Imports As Crisis Deepens". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  16. ^ Iran Looks To Buy Water From Neighbors Amid Drought Crisis (in الإنجليزية). 5 December 2025. Retrieved 10 December 2025 – via www.rferl.org.
  17. ^ YJC, باشگاه خبرنگاران جوان | آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان | (10 December 2025). "سقاب اصفهانی: اساسنامه سازمان مدیریت راهبردی انرژی در دولت تصویب شد". fa (in الفارسية). Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  18. ^ "رهبر انقلاب: دولت بار سنگینی را بر دوش دارد و در حال انجام کارهای مهمی است/همه از اسراف در آب، نان، گاز، بنزین و ارزاق عمومی پرهیز کنند". اعتمادآنلاین (in الفارسية). 10 December 2025. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  19. ^ "تلاش می‌شود در تابستان خاموشی برق خانگی نداشته باشم/ بیشتر سدهای برق-آبی ما پر هستند". خبرگزاری ایلنا (in الفارسية). 2026-05-08. Retrieved 2026-05-08.
  20. ^ Iran and Russia sign $25 billion agreement to build four nuclear power plants in Iran, IRNA says, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iran-russia-sign-25-billion-agreement-build-four-nuclear-power-plants-iran-irna-2025-09-26/ 
  21. ^ "علی خامنه‌ای: برای باران، امنیت و عافیت متضرعانه به درگاه خدا بروید". euronews (in الفارسية). 27 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  22. ^ "ویدیوها. آلودگی شدید در تهران مدارس را تعطیل و تردد را محدود کرد". parsi.euronews.com. 25 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  23. ^ ایران, عصر. "ورود منطقه ۱۸ تهران به فاز فرونشست سریع با نشست ۳۰ سانتی در سال/ دریاچه ارومیه زخمی بر تن ایران/ ۸۰ درصدی تالاب‌ها خشک شدند". fa (in الفارسية). Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  24. ^ "Journalists silenced over coverage of water crisis in western Iran, rights group says". www.iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 28 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  25. ^ Motamedi, Maziar. "Tehran shrouded in thick smog as Iran burns dirty fuel amid energy crisis". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  26. ^ "افزایش قیمت بنزین کلید خورد؛ مردم چه می‌گویند؟". اطلاعات آنلاین (in الفارسية). 26 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  27. ^ "بنزین 5000 هزار تومان شد؛ تاریخ اجرای نرخ جدید بنزین رسما اعلام شد". اعتمادآنلاین (in الفارسية). 28 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  28. ^ "Magiran | روزنامه اعتماد (1404/09/06): گلوگاه اصلی قاچاق بنزین کجاست؟". www.magiran.com. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  29. ^ "بنزین پنج هزار تومانی؛ واکنش‌ها به «تصمیم‌ سخت» دولت ایران". BBC News فارسی (in الفارسية). 26 November 2025. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  30. ^ Saadati, Shamsi (25 May 2021). "Iran Power Outage Crisis: Reasons and Impacts". NCRI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  31. ^ "Iran shuts down schools and businesses as energy crisis deepens". iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 16 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  32. ^ "VOA Persian: Iran faces energy crisis with widespread closures, fuel shortages". Voice of America (in الإنجليزية). 16 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  33. ^ "Iran Enters 4th Day of Widespread Closures Amid Energy Crisis". iranwire.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  34. ^ Mohades, Esmaeil (23 July 2024). "Why Does Iran's Electricity Shortage Worsen Every Year?". Iran Focus (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  35. ^ "The Challenges of Gas and Electricity Imbalance in Iran - Manara Magazine" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 28 November 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  36. ^ "Iran Enters 4th Day of Widespread Closures Amid Energy Crisis". iranwire.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  37. ^ "VOA Persian: Iran faces energy crisis with widespread closures, fuel shortages". Voice of America (in الإنجليزية). 16 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  38. ^ "Iran shuts down schools and businesses as energy crisis deepens". iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 16 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  39. ^ أ ب ت "Iran Energy Information | Enerdata". www.enerdata.net (in الإنجليزية). 5 July 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  40. ^ "Definition - Ton of oil equivalent / toe / toe | Insee". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  41. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "The Challenges of Gas and Electricity Imbalance in Iran - Manara Magazine" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 28 November 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  42. ^ Mohades, Esmaeil (23 July 2024). "Why Does Iran's Electricity Shortage Worsen Every Year?". Iran Focus (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  43. ^ أ ب "Why is energy giant Iran facing gas shortages? – DW – 12/19/2024". dw.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  44. ^ Smith, Matt (24 January 2024). "Energy costs push bitcoin mining in Iran underground". AGBI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  45. ^ "Bitcoin mining is one of the suspected causes of the power outages disrupting life in Iran". Associated Press News. 13 December 2024.
  46. ^ "Iran, pressured by blackouts and pollution, targets Bitcoin". AP News (in الإنجليزية). 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  47. ^ أ ب ت Newsroom, Iran International (4 April 2023). "Iran's Energy Management Reeks Of Corruption". iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  48. ^ أ ب ت Newsroom, Iran International (4 April 2023). "Iran's Energy Management Reeks Of Corruption". iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  49. ^ "Iran plans nationwide blackouts as winter energy crisis deepens". iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 9 November 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  50. ^ Fassihi, Farnaz; Nikounazar, Leily; Khamooshi, Arash (21 December 2024). "Iran's Energy Crisis Hits 'Dire' Point as Industries Are Forced to Shut Down - The New York Times". The New York Times.
  51. ^ أ ب Iran (NCRI), Secretariat of the National Council of Resistance of (16 December 2024). "Shutdowns in 23 Iranian Provinces Amid Fuel Shortages, Power Outages, and Pollution". NCRI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 13 February 2025.
  52. ^ أ ب ت "Sporadic anti-government protests continue in Iran for fourth day". www.iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 12 February 2025. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  53. ^ أ ب ت ث Motamedi, Maziar. "Iran key services shut as rial plunges amid energy crisis, regional tension". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  54. ^ أ ب "Iran Shuts Down Government Offices, Schools Amid Freezing Temperatures, Gas Shortages". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in الإنجليزية). 16 December 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  55. ^ "Iran's Autumn Energy Crisis, Masoud Pezeshkian Visits Egypt, "Chastity and Hijab" Law Suspended, and More – NIAC" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  56. ^ "Iran again closes schools, offices to conserve power". Institutkurde.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  57. ^ "Iran again closes schools, offices to conserve power". Institutkurde.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  58. ^ Rommen, Rebecca. "Israel strikes 'reputation blow' to Iran with sabotage attacks on its gas pipelines, says report". Business Insider (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  59. ^ Galestan, Mansoureh (7 February 2025). "Iran News: Regime Scrambles to Justify Nationwide Shutdown Amid Energy Crisis". NCRI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  60. ^ أ ب ت Aslani, Mostafa (25 February 2025). "Iran's Energy Crisis: Widespread Shutdowns Signal Deepening Economic and Infrastructure Failures". Iran News Update (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  61. ^ أ ب ت ث "Recurring Closures in Iran: Severe Cold, Energy Shortfalls Shut Down 25 Provinces – NIAC" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  62. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Iranian president says government 'ashamed' over energy crisis". www.iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 27 February 2025. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  63. ^ Writer, Staff (5 June 2025). ""No Light, No Water, No Future": A Look at Popular Protests in Iran". NCRI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  64. ^ "Widespread Power Outages Hit Most Iranian Cities, Including All of Tehran Province – NIAC" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  65. ^ "Iranian capital hit by sudden power outages". www.iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 11 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
  66. ^ Mohades, Esmaeil (24 February 2025). "Iran's Power Outage Crisis and Its Impact on Industry and Employment". Iran Focus (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  67. ^ Taghati, Amir (21 May 2025). "Iran's Industrial Sector Gutted by Regime's Crippling Energy Crisis". NCRI (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  68. ^ "Iran Reduces Power to Major Industries Due to Electricity Shortage". iranwire.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  69. ^ "Iran announces nationwide shutdowns amid extreme heat". www.iranintl.com (in الإنجليزية). 5 August 2025. Retrieved 5 August 2025.

قالب:2025-2026 Iranian protests

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=أزمة_الطاقة_الإيرانية&oldid=4322251"