أنتيمونيد الإنديوم Indium antimonide

أنتيمونيد الإنديوم
Indium antimonide

المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	2709929 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.812
رقم EC	215-192-3
PubChem CID	3468413
رقم RTECS	NL1105000
UNII	CVZ50C0S9O Y
UN number	1549
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40883672
InChI InChI=1S/In.Sb Y Key: WPYVAWXEWQSOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES [In]#[Sb]
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية	InSb
كتلة مولية	236.58 g mol-1
المظهر	Dark grey, metallic crystals
الكثافة	5.7747 g⋅cm−3
نقطة الانصهار
الفجوة الحزمية	0.17 eV
حركية الإلكترون	7.7 mC⋅s⋅g−1 (at 27 °C)
التوصيل الحراري	180 mW⋅K−1⋅cm−1 (at 27 °C)
معامل الانكسار (nD)	4
البنية
البنية البلورية	Zincblende
الزمرة الفراغية	T2d-F-43m
ثابت العقد	a = 0.648 nm
هندسة إحداثية	Tetrahedral
الكيمياء الحرارية
الإنتالپية المعيارية للتشكل ΔfHo298	−30.5 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar entropy So298	86.2 J·K−1·mol−1
سعة الحرارة النوعية، C	49.5 J·K−1·mol−1
المخاطر
ن.م.ع. مخطط تصويري
ن.م.ع. كلمة الاشارة	WARNING
ن.م.ع. عبارات المخاطر	H302, H332, H411
ن.م.ع. العبارات الاحتياطية	P273
مركبات ذا علاقة
أنيونات أخرى	Indium nitride Indium phosphide Indium arsenide
ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
مراجع الجدول

أنتيمونيد الإنديوم (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. Indium antimonide detectors are sensitive to infrared wavelengths between 1 and 5 μm.

Indium antimonide was a very common detector in the old, single-detector mechanically scanned thermal imaging systems. Another application is as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.

 التاريخ

The intermetallic compound was first reported by Liu and Peretti in 1951, who gave its homogeneity range, structure type, and lattice constant. Polycrystalline ingots of InSb were prepared by Heinrich Welker in 1952, although they were not very pure by today's semiconductor standards. Welker was interested in systematically studying the semiconducting properties of the III-V compounds. He noted how InSb appeared to have a small direct band gap and a very high electron mobility. InSb crystals have been grown by slow cooling from liquid melt at least since 1954.

In 2018, a research team at Delft University of Technology claimed that indium antimonide nanowires showed potential application in creating Majorana zero mode quasiparticles for use in quantum computing; Microsoft opened a laboratory at the university to further this research, however Delft later retracted the paper.

 الخصائص الطبيعية

InSb has the appearance of dark-grey silvery metal pieces or powder with vitreous lustre. When subjected to temperatures over 500 °C, it melts and decomposes, liberating antimony and antimony oxide vapors.

The crystal structure is zincblende with a 0.648 nm lattice constant.

 الخصائص الإلكترونية

InSb infrared detector manufactured by Mullard in the 1960s.

InSb is a narrow direct band gap semiconductor with an energy band gap of 0.17 eV at 300 K and 0.23 eV at 80 K.

Undoped InSb possesses the largest ambient-temperature electron mobility of 78000 cm²/(V⋅s), electron drift velocity, and ballistic length (up to 0.7 μm at 300 K) of any known semiconductor, except for carbon nanotubes.

Indium antimonide photodiode detectors are photovoltaic, generating electric current when subjected to infrared radiation. InSb's internal quantum efficiency is effectively 100% but is a function of the thickness particularly for near bandedge photons. Like all narrow bandgap materials InSb detectors require periodic recalibrations, increasing the complexity of the imaging system. This added complexity is worthwhile where extreme sensitivity is required, e.g. in long-range military thermal imaging systems. InSb detectors also require cooling, as they have to operate at cryogenic temperatures (typically 80 K). Large arrays (up to 2048×2048 pixels) are available. HgCdTe and PtSi are materials with similar use.

A layer of indium antimonide sandwiched between layers of aluminium indium antimonide can act as a quantum well. In such a heterostructure InSb/AlInSb has recently been shown to exhibit a robust quantum Hall effect. This approach is studied in order to construct very fast transistors. Bipolar transistors operating at frequencies up to 85 GHz were constructed from indium antimonide in the late 1990s; field-effect transistors operating at over 200 GHz have been reported more recently (Intel/QinetiQ).^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} Some models suggest that terahertz frequencies are achievable with this material. Indium antimonide semiconductor devices are also capable of operating with voltages under 0.5 V, reducing their power requirements.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 طرق النمو

يمكن تنمية أنتيمونيد الإنديوم InSb بتصليب صبة من الحالة السائلة (طريقة تشوخرالسكي)، أو بنمو فوقي باستخدام النمو الفوقي بالطور السائل أو النمو الفوقي على جدار ساخن أو رص البلورات بشعاع جزيئي. كما يمكن أن تنمو من مركبات الفلزات العضوية بواسطة MOVPE.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 تطبيقات الجهاز

• Thermal image detectors using photodiodes or photoelectromagnetic detectors^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
• Magnetic field sensors using magnetoresistance or the Hall effect^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
• Fast transistors (in terms of dynamic switching). This is due to the high carrier mobility of InSb^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}
• In some of the detectors of the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 المصادر المذكورة

• Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.

 وصلات خارجية

• National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap at the Office of Naval Research
• Material safety data sheet Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine at University of Texas at Dallas