هاينز فرانكل-كونرات

هاينز فرانكل-كونرات Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
وُلِدَ	29 يوليو 1910 (1910-07-29) برسلاو، الامبراطورية الألمانية
توفي	10 أبريل 1999 (1999-04-11) اوكلاند، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة
القومية	ألمانيا
الجنسية	الولايات المتحدة
المدرسة الأم	جامعة برسلاو، جامعة إدنبرة
عـُرِف بـ	ڤيروس فسيفساء التبغ
الجوائز	جائزة لاسكر (1958)
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	عالم كيمياء حيوية

هاينز لودڤيگ فرانكل-كونرات Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat ‏(29 يوليو 1910 - 10 أبريل 1999) عالم كيمياء حيوية ألماني-أمريكي كان أول من توصل إلى أن تكاثر الفيروسات تتحكم فيه معلومات جينية ضمن الرنا فيها.

ولد فرانكل-كونرات في برسلاو، ألمانيا وحصل على بكالوريوس الطب من جامعة برسلاوي في 1933. وبسبب بزوغ النازية في ألمانيا، غادر إلى اسكتلندا في 1933، وأكمل الدكتوراه في جامعة إدنبرة (1936). وبعد حصوله على الدكتوراه هاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة، حيث حصل على الجنسية الأمريكية في 1941.

 Early life

Fraenkel-Conrat was born in Breslau, Germany.

He was the son of Lili Conrat and Professor Ludwig Fraenkel, director of the Women's Clinic of the University of Breslau. His father was a prominent gynecologist and medical researcher who published regarding endocrine function, social gynecology, and sexology during the first decades of the 20th century, and was one of many scientists summarily dismissed from their positions by the Nazis.

 Academic career

He received an MD from the University of Breslau in 1933. Due to the rise of Nazism in Germany he left for Scotland in 1933 and finished his PhD at the University of Edinburgh (1936). After completing his doctorate, he emigrated to the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1941. In the 1940s Fraenkel-Conrat visited his sister and brother-in-law, biochemist Karl Slotta, a pioneer in the study of progesterone, estriol, and medical use of venom, who was then director of the Chemical Institute of the Instituto Butantan in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1935 to 1948. Frankel-Conrat remained for one year of biochemical research at the Instituto Butantan. He worked at a number of institutes before joining the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in 1952 where he remained until his death.

His most noted research was on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the holmes ribgrass virus (HRV). He was described by a colleague as "one of the pioneers in the early days of virology with (his work on) the tobacco mosaic virus." He discovered that the genetic control of viral reproduction was RNA and that it is carried in the nucleic core of each virus. In 1955 he and biophysicist Robley Williams showed that a functional virus could be created out of purified RNA and a protein coat. In 1960 he announced the complete sequencing of the 158 amino acids in the virus.

 Death

He died of lung failure on April 10, 1999, at the Kaiser Hospital in Oakland, at the age of eighty-eight.

 Further reading

• Fraenkel-Conrat, H (1994), "Early days of protein chemistry", FASEB J. 8 (6): 452–453, Apr 1, 1994, doi:10.1096/fasebj.8.6.8168696, PMID 8168696 
• Rovery, M; Desnuelle, P (1954), "Application comparée de la technique de Sanger et de la technique d'Edman-Fraenkel Conrat à la détermination des résidus N-terminaux des protéines (Comparative application of the Sanger technique and the Edman-Fraenkel-Conrat technique in the determination of the N-terminal residues of proteins)", Bulletin de la Société de Chimie biologique 36 (1): 95–108, PMID 13160741