وكر الذئب

هذا المقال هو عن the World War II German fortified command post. إذا كنت تريد the lairs of wolves، انظر wolf.

Wolf's Lair
Wolfsschanzecode: de is deprecated
جزء من Führerhauptquartiere
present-day Gierłoż, Poland
Hitler's reinforced bunker at the Wolfsschanze
الإحداثيات	54.0804°N 21.4941°E / 54.0804; 21.4941
النوع	Camouflaged concrete bunkers
معلومات الموقع
المالك	Polish Government
مفتوح للعامة	Yes
الحالة	Mostly destroyed
تاريخ الموقع
بُني	1941 (1941
بناه	Hochtief AG, Organisation Todt
قيد الاستخدام	June 1941 – January 1945
المواد	2 m (6 ft 7 in) steel-reinforced concrete
المصير	Partially demolished by retreating German forces
الأحداث	20 July Plot
معلومات الحامية
القادة السابقون	Johann Rattenhuber
الحامية	Reichssicherheitsdienst Führerbegleitbrigade
الشاغلون	Adolf Hitler Government of Nazi Germany Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

وكر الذئب (بالألمانية: Wolfsschanze؛ بالپولندية: Wilczy Szaniec) هو اسم يطلق على أحد مقار هتلر أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، والذى أدار منه المعارك أثناء الحرب، اتخذه هتلر مقراً له بداية من 23 يونيو 1941.

المقر فائق السرية كان يقع في الغابات المازورية على مسافة 8 كم شرقى بلدة راستن‌بورگ، في پروسيا الشرقية (التي هي اليوم جزء من پولندا.

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 الشكل العام

1. Office and barracks of Hitler's bodyguard
2. FBK/RSD command post
3. Emergency generator
4. Bunker
5. Office of Otto Dietrich, Hitler's press secretary
6. Conference room, site of the 20 July 1944 assassination attempt
7. RSD command post
8. Guest bunker and air-raid shelter
9. RSD command post
10. Secretariat under Philipp Bouhler
11. Headquarters of Johann Rattenhuber, SS chief of Hitler's security department, and Post Office
12. Radio and telex buildings
13. Vehicle garages

14. Railway siding for Hitler's Train
15. Cinema
16. Generator buildings
17. Quarters of Morell, Bodenschatz, Hewel, Voß, Wolff, and Fegelein
18. Stores
19. سكن مارتن بورمان, السكرتير الشخصي لهتلر
20. Bormann's personal air-raid shelter for himself and staff
21. مكتب Hitler's adjutant and the Wehrmacht's personnel office
22. Military and staff mess II
23. مقر الجنرال ألفرد يودل، قائد عمليات OKW
24. Firefighting pond
25. Office of the Foreign Ministry
26. Quarters of Fritz Todt, then Albert Speer after Todt's death

27. RSD command post
28. Air-raid shelter with Flak and MG units on the roof
29. Hitler's bunker and air-raid shelter
30. New tea room
31. Residence of General Field Marshal ڤلهلم كايتل, supreme commander of OKW
32. Old tea house
33. Residence of Reich Marshal هرمان گورنگ
34. Göring's personal air-raid shelter for himself and staff, with Flak and MG on the roof
35. Offices of the High Command of the Air Force
36. Offices of the High command of the Navy
37. Bunker with Flak
38. خط سكة حديد راستن‌بورگ

 التقويات

Hitler meeting Reich Commissioner Robert Ley, automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche, and Reichsminister Hermann Göring at the Wolfsschanze in 1942

 أبرز الزوار

• Antonescu, Ion – marshal of Romania
• Boris III of Bulgaria – tsar of Bulgaria
• Bose, Subhas Chandra – independence politician from India
• Bozhilov, Dobri – prime minister of Bulgaria in '43–44
• Ciano, Galeazzo (minister of foreign affairs) – Italy
• Csatay von Csatai, Lajos (general, ministry of war) – Hungary
• Gailani, Rashid Ali al- (former prime minister) – Iraq
• Gariboldi, Italo (general) – Italy
• Graziani, Rodolfo (marshal) – Italy
• Horthy, Miklós (regent) – Hungary
• Jany, Gusztáv (general) – Hungary
• Kállay, Miklós (prime minister) – Hungary
• Koburg, Kiril (prince of Bulgaria and Preslav, tsar successor) – Bulgaria
• Kvaternik, Slavko (commander and minister of armed forces) – Croatia
• Laval, Pierre (prime minister of Vichy regime) – France
• Lukash, Konstantin (general, chief of Staff of the Bulgarian Army) – Bulgaria
• Luukkonen, Fanni (army colonel, leader of the voluntary auxiliary organisation for women) – Finland
• Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf (military leader and statesman) – Finland
• Finat y Escrivá de Romaní Mayalde, José (Conde de Mayalde, ambassador to Third Reich) – Spain
• Michov, Nikola (general, minister of war) – Bulgaria
• Moscardó Ituarte, José (general) – Spain
• Mussolini, Benito (il Duce) – Italy
• Nedić, Milan – general and prime minister of Serbia
• Öhquist, Harald – lieutenant general of Finland
• Ōshima, Hiroshi (general, ambassador to Third Reich) – Japan
• Pavelić, Ante – Poglavnik ("Head") of Croatia
• Tiso, Jozef – Roman Catholic priest and President of Slovakia
• Toydemir, Cemil Cahit – (general) – Turkey

 محاولة الاغتيال

المقالة الرئيسية: 20 July plot

Claus von Stauffenberg (left) meeting Adolf Hitler at the Wolfsschanze five days before the 20 July plot في 1944

In July 1944, an attempt was made to kill Hitler at Wolf's Lair which became known as the 20 July plot. It was organized by a group of acting and retired Heer officers and some civilians who wanted to remove Hitler in order to establish a new government in Germany. After several failed attempts to kill him, Wolf's Lair was chosen as a viable location, despite its security. Staff officer Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg would carry a briefcase bomb into a daily conference meeting and place it just a few feet away from Hitler.

The location was changed to a briefing building (Lagebaracke) on the day of the strategy meeting due to the reconstruction of the Führer Bunker in mid-1944. Stauffenberg's assassination attempt was unsuccessful because of this change in venue, along with several other factors, such as Hitler unexpectedly calling the meeting earlier than anticipated. The bomb exploded at 12:43 pm; the interior of the building was devastated, but Hitler was only slightly injured. Four people died from their wounds, either a few days later or in the months ahead.

Before the bomb detonated, Stauffenberg and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften had already begun to leave the Wolfsschanze in order to return to Berlin. Their escape involved passing through various security zones that controlled all access around the site. After a short delay at the RSD guard post just outside Sperrkreis 1, they were allowed to leave by vehicle. The two officers were then driven down the southern exit road towards the military airstrip near Rastenburg.

هرمان گورنگ surveys the conference room destroyed by the suitcase bomb left by Claus von Stauffenberg on 20 July 1944

The alarm had been raised by the time they reached the guardhouse at the perimeter of Sperrkreis 2. According to the official RSHA report, "at first the guard refused passage until Stauffenberg persuaded him to contact the adjutant to the compound commander who then finally authorized clearance". It was between here and the final checkpoint of Sperrkreis 3 that Haeften tossed another briefcase from the car containing an unused second bomb. The two men reached the outer limit of the Wolfsschanze security zones and were allowed to catch their plane back to army general headquarters in Berlin.

The attempted assassination of Hitler at the Wolf's Lair was part of Operation Valkyrie, a covert plan to take control and suppress any revolt in the German Reich following Hitler's death. News arrived from Wolf's Lair that Hitler was still alive, and troops loyal to the Nazi regime quickly re-established control of key government buildings. Von Stauffenberg, his adjutant Werner von Haeften, and several co-conspirators were arrested and shot the same evening outside the Bendlerblock in Berlin.

On 20 August 1944, Hitler personally presented survivors of the bomb blast with a gold "20 July 1944 Wound Badge". Next-of-kin of those killed in the blast were also given this award.

 التدمير والإستيلاء عليه

Enormous amounts of explosives were used by the retreating Germans to blow up the Wolfsschanze bunkers. Here the explosion has lifted a bunker's roof, made of solid ferro-concrete two meters thick.

The Red Army reached the borders of East Prussia during the Baltic Offensive in October 1944. Hitler departed from the Wolf's Lair for the final time on 20 November when the Soviet advance reached Angerburg (now Węgorzewo), 15 km (9 mi) away. Two days later, the order was given to destroy the complex. The demolition took place on the night of 24–25 January 1945, ten days after the start of the Red Army's Vistula–Oder Offensive. Tons of explosives were used; one bunker required an estimated 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) of TNT. Most of the buildings were only partially destroyed due to their immense size and reinforced structures.

The Red Army captured the abandoned remains of the Wolfsschanze on 27 January without firing a shot, the same day that Auschwitz was liberated farther south. It took until 1955 to clear over 54,000 land mines that surrounded the installation.

 انظر أيضاً

• Führer Headquarters
• Führerbunker

 المراجع

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

• Junge, Traudl, "Bis Zur Letzten Stunde: Hitlers Sekretärin erzählt ihr Leben", München: Claassen, 2002, pp. 131, 141, 162.
• Junge, Traudl, "Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary", London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003, pp. 116, 126, 145.
• Junge, Traudl, "Voices from the Bunker", New York: G.P.Puttnam's sons, 1989.
• Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1936–45. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04994-7.
• Speer, Albert, "Inside the Third Reich", New York and Toronto: Macmillan, 1970, p. 217.

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 وصلات خارجية

• Wolf's Lair website
• Remnants of Wolf's Lair and how to find it...