نظام الباترون

ميثاق الحريات والاستثناءات (شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية) 1630

نظام الپاترون Patroon system (من الهولندية patroon، مالك أو رئيس شركة) هو نظام وضعته شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية عام 1629. وقد استخدم هذا النظام في استعمار هولندا الجديدة وهي منطقة بالولايات المتحدة كانت تشمل ما يعرف الآن بولايات نيويورك، ونيوجرزي، ودلاوير، وكنتيكت. وكان يسمح لأي عضو من أعضاء الشركة بامتلاك قطعة كبيرة من الأرض مقابل دفع تكاليف إحضار 50 شخصًا خلال أربع سنوات ليستقروا هناك، على أن يكون عمر الواحد منهم 15 سنة على الأقل. وأصبح الباترون (مالك الأرض) سيدًا إقطاعيًا يسيطر على كل جوانب حياة الأشخاص الذين يستقدمهم بما في ذلك حرية تنقلهم، أو اشتغالهم بالتجارة، بل حتى زواجهم.

وقد منحت الحكومة هذا الحق لخمسة أشخاص، غير أن نظام الباترون لم يبق منه حتى القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي إلا رنسليرسويك Rensselaerswyck وكيليان ڤان رنسلير. وقد فشل النظام لقلة الناس الذين يوافقون على التنازل عن حرياتهم طوال حياتهم، وقد أسهمت بعض سياسات الشركة الخاصة بتوزيع الأرض في فشل هذا النظام. فعلى سبيل المثال كانت الشركة تمنح أرضًا بلا مقابل في نيونذرلاند للمستوطنين الذين يدفعون تكاليف قدومهم للولايات المتحدة. وأخيرًا كانت الشركة تدفع تكاليف السفر لجذب المستوطنين.

The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. In 1640, the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any New Netherlander in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of patroon came with powerful rights and privileges. A patroon could create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. In return, he was required by the Dutch West India Company to – sources vary – establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years on the land,[1] or "ship fifty colonists to it within four years".[2] As tenants working for the patroon, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, but were required to pay rent to the patroon. A patroonship sometimes had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches.

Patroons were entitled to the acquisition of slave labor by the Dutch West India Company's Rights and Exemptions Charter. Patroons, often the wealthiest and most influential residents of New Netherland, procured and exploited slaves in almost every part of the colony, although a majority of the slave population remained near New Amsterdam, and farther north, were centered around Fort Orange (Albany, NY) and Rensselaerswijck. Moreover, patroons were essentially the only colonists in New Netherland to own slaves.[3]

After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664 and American independence in 1783, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.[4]

Rensselaerswyck

The largest and most successful patroonship in New Netherland was the Manor of Rensselaerswijck, established by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Rensselaerswijck covered almost all of present-day Albany and Rensselaer counties and parts of present-day Columbia and Greene counties in New York State.

البراءات الأصلية

Other large private land patents

English manorial grants

Notable English non-manorial grants

المقاومة

المنع

The word patroonship was used until the year 1775, when the British parliament redefined the lands as estates and took away the jurisdictional privilege. Dutch Americans, who still formed a substantial portion of the American populace, resented the change and moved mostly toward the cause of American independence. After the war, the newly recognized New York state government refused to overturn the law.

Rensselaerswijck was dismantled in the early 19th century after its last sole proprietor, Stephen Van Rensselaer III, died. Two of his sons split the property and, after tenant farmers gained the right to refuse to pay rent, the sons sold off much of the property. The land was organized as different counties and towns in New York's Capital District.

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وصلات خارجية

  1. ^ books.google.com Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology
  2. ^ newnetherlandinstitute.org
  3. ^ newnetherlandinstitute.org
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :2
  5. ^ S.L. Mershon, English Crown Grants, New York: The Law and History Club, 1918
  6. ^ Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 92, ISBN 978-0-19-514049-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=xF4NDALYWSAC&pg=PA92