مملكة أنوراداپورا

مملكة أنوراداپورا

අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය
377 ق.م.–1017 م
علم Anuradhapura Kingdom
The flag used by Dutthagamani and subsequent rulers.[N 1]
     مملكة أنوراداپورا      إمارة مالايا (مالايا راتا)      إمارة روهونو (روهونو راتا)
     مملكة أنوراداپورا      إمارة مالايا (مالايا راتا)      إمارة روهونو (روهونو راتا)
العاصمةأنوراداپورا
اللغات الشائعةسنهالا، التاميلية
الدين البوذية و الهندوسية (حتى 267 ق.م.)[2][3]
الحكومةملكية
• 377 ق.م.-367 ق.م.
پاندوكابايا
• 982–1017
ماهندا الخامس
التاريخ 
• تأسست
377 ق.م.
• انحلت
1017 م
Area
65,610 km2 (25,330 sq mi)
سبقها
تلاها
مملكة تامباپاني
مملكة پولوناروا

مملكة أنوراداپورا (سنهالا: අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය، وتُنطق: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, بالتاميل: அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம்؛ إنگليزية: Anuradhapura Kingdom)، مسماة على اسم عاصمتها، كانت أول مملكة تتأسس في سريلانكا القديمة وفي الشعب السنهالي. أسسها الملك پاندوكابايا في 377 ق.م.، وامتدت سلطة المملكة في أرجاء البلاد، بالرغم من استقلال بعض المناطق من حين لآخر، وهو الأمر الذي تزايد قرب نهاية المملكة. Nonetheless, the king of Anuradhapura was seen as the supreme ruler of the country throughout the Anuradhapura period. Buddhism played a strong role in the Anuradhapura period, influencing its culture, laws, and methods of governance.[N 2] Society and culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa; this cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the Tooth Relic of the Buddha in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers.[7]

Invasions from South India were a constant threat throughout the Anuradhapura period. Rulers such as Dutthagamani, Valagamba, and Dhatusena are noted for defeating the South Indians and regaining control of the kingdom. Other rulers who are notable for military achievements include Gajabahu I, who launched an invasion against the invaders, and Sena II, who sent his armies to assist a Pandyan prince.

Because the kingdom was largely based on agriculture, the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self-sufficient. Several kings, most notably Vasabha and Mahasena, built large reservoirs and canals, which created a vast and complex irrigation network in the Rajarata area throughout the Anuradhapura period. These constructions are an indication of the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create them. The famous paintings and structures at Sigiriya; the Ruwanwelisaya, Jetavana stupas, and other large stupas; large buildings like the Lovamahapaya; and religious works (like the numerous Buddha statues) are landmarks demonstrating the Anuradhapura period's advancement in sculpting.

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مدينة أنوراداپورا

In 543 BC, prince Vijaya (543–505 BC) arrived in Sri Lanka, having been banished from his homeland in India. He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king. After this, his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country. One of these was established by Anuradha, a minister of King Vijaya, on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama.[8]

In 377 BC, King Pandukabhaya (437–367 BC) made it his capital and developed it into a prosperous city.[9][10] Anuradhapura (Anurapura) was named after the minister who first established the village and after a grandfather of Pandukabhaya who lived there. The name was also derived from the city's establishment on the auspicious asterism called Anura.[11] Anuradhapura was the capital of all the monarchs who ruled the country in the Anuradhapura Kingdom, with the exception of Kashyapa I (473–491), who chose Sigiriya to be his capital.[12] The city is also marked on Ptolemy's world map.[13]


التجارة والاقتصاد

A showcase with a number of coins arranged in a circle.
Ancient coins belonging to the Anuradhapura period on display at the museum of Anuradhapura.



الثقافة

Typical layout of the tank, settlements and paddy fields in a traditional dry zone village.


الدين

Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva Tara, dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ This flag, depicting the moon, sun and a lion bearing a sword, is believed to have been used as the royal standard of Dutthagamani, and subsequent rulers.[1]
  2. ^ Buddhism was such an important factor in this period that Mendis (2000), p.196 asserts, "The island of Lanka belonged to the Buddha himself; it was like a treasury filled with the three gems".


المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ "Sri Lanka's National Flag". The Sunday Times. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  2. ^ De Silva 2014, p. 58.
  3. ^ "The downfall of the Anuradhapura kingdom and South Indian influences" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-01-03.
  4. ^ Chander, Prakash (1 Jan 2003). India 2003: Past and Present (1st ed.). APH Publishing Corporation. p. 112. ISBN 978-8176484558. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  5. ^ Ravana - The Great King of Lanka - M.S. Purnalingam Pillai - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  6. ^ Wilson, H. H. (1839). "Account of the Foe Kue Hi". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Ulan Press: 135. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  7. ^ Perera (2001), p.45
  8. ^ Wijesooriya (2006), p. 20
  9. ^ Blaze (1995), p. 19
  10. ^ Yogasundaram (2008), p. 41
  11. ^ Wijesooriya (2006), p. 27
  12. ^ Bandaranayake (2007), p. 6
  13. ^ Mendis (1999), p. 7

ببليوگرافيا

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  • Basnayake, H. T. (1986). Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 978-81-7030-009-0.
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  • Codrington, H.W. (1994). Ceylon Coins and Currency. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0913-6.
  • Ellawala, H. (1969). Social History of Early Ceylon. Department of Cultural Affairs.
  • Fernando, G. S. (2001). සිංහල සැරසිලි—Sinhala Sarasili [Sinhala Decorational Art] (in Sinhala). M. D. Gunasena and Company. ISBN 978-955-21-0525-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  • Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). The Story of Anuradhapura. Lakshmi Mendis. ISBN 978-955-96704-0-7.
  • Mendis, Vernon L. B. (2000). The Rulers of Sri Lanka. S. Godage & Brothers. ISBN 978-955-20-4847-0.
  • Moratuwagama, H. M. (1996). සිංහල ථුපවංසය—Sinhala Thupavansaya [Sinhala Thupavamsa] (in Sinhala). Rathna Publishers. ISBN 978-955-569-068-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Nicholas, C. W.; Paranavitana, S. (1961). A Concise History of Ceylon. Colombo University Press.
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  • Sastri, K. A (2000) [1935]. The CōĻas. Madras: University of Madras. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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  • Wijesooriya, S. (2006). A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa. Participatory Development Forum. ISBN 978-955-9140-31-3.
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قالب:Anuradhapura period قالب:Sinhalese Monarchy قالب:Monarchs of the Anuradhapura Kingdom