لوفت‌ڤافه

(تم التحويل من لوفت‌وافه)
لوفت‌ڤافه
Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe eagle
نسر لوفت‌ڤافه
نشطة1935–1946[N 1]
البلد ألمانيا النازية (1935-1945)
 ألمانيا (1945-1946)
النوعقوات جوية
الحجمالطائرات 119,871[2] (اجمالي الانتاج)؛ الأفراد 3,400,000 (اجمالي المتواجدون في الخدمة في أي وقت 1939-45)[3]
جزء منڤرماخت
الاشتباكاتالحرب الأهلية الإسپانية الحرب العالمية الثانية
القادة
أبرز
القادة
رايخ-مارشال هرمان گورينگ
الشارات
Luftwaffe eagle. The image is attached to a LuftflotteChef einer Luftflotte Version 1.svg
Narrow-flank Balkenkreuz used on upper wing surfacesRegulation WW II Upperwing Balkenkreuz.png
Wide-pattern Balkenkreuz for wing undersurfaces and fuselage sidesRegulation WW II Underwing Balkenkreuz.png

لوفت‌ڤافه Luftwaffe، كانت فرع من القوات الجوية للڤرماخت الألماني أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. بعد القوات الجوية العسكرية الامبراطورية الألمانية في فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى، تم حل الوحدات الجوية البحرية لوفت‌سترايت‌كرافته، و[[مشاة بحرية كايسرلايخه بحلول مايو 1920 بموجب بنود معاهدة ڤرساي، أعيد تشكيل لوفت‌ڤافه في 26 فبراير 1935 ونمت لتصبح أكثر قوة، الأكثر تقدماً عقائدياً، وأكثر قوات جوية خبرة بالمعارك في العالم عندما بدأت الحرب العالمية الثانية في أوروپا في سبتمبر 1939.[4] بعد هزيمة الرايخ الثالث، حُلت لوفت‌ڤافه عام 1946.

لوفت‌ڤافه أيضاً مصطلح عام في البلدان الناطقة بالألمانية يطلق على أي خدمة طيران عسكري وطني، واسم تحمله قوات جوية في بلدان أخرى عادة ما يترجم للألمانية "لوفت‌ڤافه" (مثل القوات الجوية الملكية عادة ما يترجم إلى "britische Luftwaffe").[بحاجة لمصدر] ومع ذلك، فلوفت‌سترايت‌كرافته، أو "القوات المسلحة الجوية"، يستخدم أحياناً كترجمة "للقوات الجوية" للجيوش الجوية فيما بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى، وكان يستخدم ككلمة أولى للاسم الألماني الرسمي للقوات الجوية الألمانية الشرقية، التي حُلت قبل توحيد ألمانيا بيوم واحد في أكتوبر 1990.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأصول

الحرب العالمية الأولى

Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg
Manfred von Richthofen with other members of Jasta 11, 1917 as part of the Luftstreitkräfte


بين الحربين

The NSFK pennant. Members helped form the nucleus of the Luftwaffe in 1933
Flag of the Deutscher Luftsportverband (DLV), German Airsports Association.


الاستعداد للحرب: 1933–1939

سنوات ڤيفر، 1933 – 1936

Walther Wever, Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, 1933–1936.


تغيير الاتجاه، 1936 – 1937

Ernst Udet. Along with Kesselring, Udet was responsible for establishing the design trend of German aircraft. Udet's focus was on tactical army support air forces


الغطس-القصف

التعبئة، 1938 – 1941

Polish civilian strafed by Luftwaffe, September 1939


تنظيم لوفت‌ڤافه

قادة لوفت‌ڤافه

هرمان گورينگ. كان گورينگ رئيس أركان لوفت‌ڤافه حتى أبريل 1945.
Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in the dock. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler's death.



. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التنظيم وسلسلة القيادة


الحرب الأهلية الإسپانية

Ruins of Guernica (1937)


الحرب العالمية الثانية

Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of No. 609 Squadron RAF, flown by Flight Lieutenant J. H. G. McArthur, hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter.


الإهمال والفشل

The most troublesome of all German designs during WW II — both in development and in service — was the He 177 heavy bomber.
Arguably, one of the greatest tactical failures was the neglect of naval aviation in the western theatre, 1939–1941.


القوات البرية للوفت‌ڤافه

جرائم الحرب

التجارب على البشر في الطيران العسكري


انظر أيضاً

المصادر

الهوامش

  1. ^ Official dissolution of the Wehrmacht, including the Luftwaffe, began with Proclamation No. 2 of the Allied Control Council on 20 September 1945 and was not complete until Order No. 34 of 20 August 1946.[1]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Control Council Law No. 34, Resolution of the Wehrmacht of 20 August 1946" (in German). Official Gazette of the Control Council for Germany, 1 May 2004 – 7 June 2004, p. 172.
  2. ^ Tom Philo. "WWII production figures". Taphilo.com. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  3. ^ Jason Pipes (2008). "Statistics and Numbers". Feldgrau.com. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  4. ^ Killen 2003, p. 93.

المراجع

  • Bekkerm Cajus. Angriffshohe 4000 (in German). Munich, Germany: Heyne, 1964.
  • Bergström, Christer, Barbarossa: The Air Battle: July–December 1941. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.
  • Bergstrom, Christer. Stalingrad: The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2008. ISBN 978-1-85780-276-4.
  • Bergström, Christer, Kursk: The Air Battle: July 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903223-88-8.
  • Bergström, Christer and Andrey Mikhailov. Black Cross/Red Star-Vol. 1, Operation Barbarossa 1941. London:

Classic Colours, 2003. ISBN 978-0-935553-48-2.

  • Bergström, Christer and Martin Pegg. Jagdwaffe: The War in Russia: January–October 1942. London: Classic Colours, 2003. ISBN 1-903223-23-7.
  • Bowmen, Martin and Theo Boiten. Battles with the Luftwaffe: The Air War Over Germany 1942–1945. London:

Collins, 2001. ISBN 978-0-00-711363-7.

  • Buckley, John. Air Power in the Age of Total War. West Midlands, UK: UCL Press,1999. ISBN 1-85728-589-1.
  • Bungay, Stephen. The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain. London: Aurum Press, 2000.ISBN 1-85410-721-6.
  • Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: Greenhill Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
  • Cockburn, Alexander and Jeffrey St. Clair. Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. Brooklyn, New York: Verso, 1999. ISBN 1-85984-139-2.
  • Cooper, Matthew. The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure. New York: Jane's Publishing Incorporated, 1981. ISBN 0-531-03733-9.
  • Corum, James. "The Luftwaffe's Army Support Doctrine, 1918–1941". The Journal of Military History, Vol. 59, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 53–76.
  • Corum, James. The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7006-0836-2.
  • Corum, James. The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform. Modern War Studies. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 1992. ISBN 0-7006-0541-X.
  • Corum, James F. (Mueller, R. and H.E. Volkmann, eds.). "Staerken und Schwaechen der Luftwaffe". Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realitaet (in German). Munich, Germany: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1999.
  • Crawford, Steve. Eastern Front, Day by Day. London: Spellmount Publications, 2006. ISBN 1-86227-359-6.
  • de Zeng IV, Henry L. and Douglas G. Stankey. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source: Volume 1. London: Midland Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-90653-708-1.
  • Drabkin, Artem.The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow: Recollections of Soviet Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2007.ISBN 978-1-84415-563-7.
  • Dressel Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour:DAG Publications, 1994.ISBN 1-85409-140-9.
  • Dye, Peter J. "Logistics in the Battle of Britain". Air Force Journal of Logistics, Winter 2000.
  • Faber, Harold. Luftwaffe: An analysis by Former Luftwaffe Generals. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1979. ISBN 0-283-98516-X.
  • Goss, Chris. Dornier 17 (In Focus). Surrey, UK: Red Kite, 2005. ISBN 0-9546201-4-3.
  • Goss, Chris. The Bombers' Battle: Personal Accounts of the Battle of Britain by Luftwaffe Bomber Crews July–October 1940. London: Crécy Publishing, 2000. ISBN 978-0-947554-82-8.
  • Griehl, Manfred and Joachim Dressel. Heinkel He 177 – 277 – 274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85310-364-0.
  • Hayward, Joel S. Stopped At Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1146-0.
  • Hall, Steve and Lionel Quinlan.KG55. Surrey, UK: Red Kite, 2000. ISBN 0-9538061-0-3.
  • Hess, William N. B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbook International, 1994. ISBN 0-87938-881-1
  • Holmes, Tony. Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-190-8.
  • Homze, Edward. Arming the Luftwaffe. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, 1976. ISBN 0-8032-0872-3.
  • Hooton, E.R. Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. London: Brockhampton Press, 1994. ISBN 1-86019-964-X.
  • Hooton, E.R. The Luftwaffe: A Study in Air Power, 1933–1945. London: Classic Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-1-906537-18-0.
  • Hooton, E.R. Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–39: Volume 1. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-0.
  • Hooton, E.R. Luftwaffe at War: Blitzkrieg in the West: Volume 2 . London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85780-272-6.
  • Hooton, E.R. Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. London: Weidenfeld Military, 1997. ISBN 978-1-85409-343-1.
  • Irving, David. The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch. London: Little, Brown, 1974. ISBN 978-0-316-43238-2.
  • Just, Gunther. J. Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1986.ISBN 0-88740-252-6
  • Kaplan, Philip. Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe in World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-460-2.
  • Ketley, Barry, and Mark Rolfe. Luftwaffe Fledglings 1935–1945: Luftwaffe Training Units and their Aircraft. Aldershot, GB: Hikoki Publications, 1996. ISBN 0-9519899-2-8.
  • Killen, John. The Luftwaffe: A History. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-85052-925-8.
  • Manrho, John and Ron Putz. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope–The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-902109-40-6.
  • Macksey, K. The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring. London: Greenhill Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-85367-287-3.
  • Nowarra, Heinz. J. The Flying Pencil. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. 1990. ISBN 0-88740-236-4.
  • Neitzel, Söhnke. Der Einsatz der Deutschen Luftwaffe über der Nordsee und dem Atlantik: 1939–45 (in German). Bonn, Germany: Bernard & Graefe, 1995. ISBN 978-3-76375-938-5.
  • Neitzel, Söhnke and Harald Weltzer. Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying: The Secret Second World War Tapes of German POWs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84983-948-8.
  • Pegg, M. Transporter Vol. 1: Luftwaffe Transport Units 1937–1943. London: Classic Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-1-90322-363-5.
  • Price, Alfred. The Last Year of the Luftwaffe: May 1944 – May 1945. London: Greenhill Books, 2001. iSBN 978-1-85367-440-2.
  • Probert, H. A. The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933–1945. Arms & Armour, 1987. ISBN 978-0-85368-560-9.
  • Ruffner, Kevin. Luftwaffe Field Divisions, 1941–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-100-9
  • Scutts, Jerry. Mustang Aces of the Eighth Air Force. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85532-447-4.
  • Scutts, Jerry. Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85532-448-2.
  • Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: Defeat in the West 1943–1945 (Luftwaffe at War, Vol. 6). London: Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN 978-1-85367-318-4.
  • Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: The Sea Eagles: The Luftwaffe's Maritime Operations. London: Greenhill Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-85367-442-6.
  • Smith, Peter. Luftwaffe at War: Stukas Over Steppe, Blitzkrieg in the East 1941–1944 (Luftwaffe at War Series, Vol. 9). London: Greenhill Books, 1999. ISBN 978-1-85367-355-9.
  • Smith, Peter and E.J. Creek. Kampfflieger: Bombers of the Luftwaffe: 1942–1943. London: Classic Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-903223-49-9.
  • Stenman, K. Luftwaffe Over Finland (Luftwaffe at War Series, Vol. 18). London: Greenhill Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1-85367-469-3.
  • Surhone, Lambert M., Miriam T. Timpledon and Susan F. Marseken. Stalin's Missed Chance (based on * Mikhail Meltyukhov's study. Düsseldorf, Germany: VDM Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-6-13041-822-9.
  • Taylor, A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer. History of World War II. London: Octopus Books, 1974. ISBN 978-0-7064-0399-2.
  • Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane, 2006. ISBN 0-7139-9566-1.
  • "US Strategic Bombing Survey". Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), 1987. (Reprint of the Summary Reports (Europe and the Pacific) of the strategic bombing surveys conducted near the close of World War II.)
  • van Creveld, M., S. Cranby and K. Brower. Airpower and Maneuver Warfare Air. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), 1994.
  • Vasco, John. Zerstorer: Luftwaffe Fighter Bombers and Destroyers 1939–1945: Volume 1. London: Classic Publications, 2005. ISBN 978-1-903223-57-4.
  • Weal, John. Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003a. ISBN 1-84176-084-6.
  • Weal, John. Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2006. ISBN 1-84176-879-0.
  • Weal, John. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-518-7.
  • Weal, John. Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003b. ISBN 1-84176-538-4.
  • Weal, John. Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-636-1.
  • Weal, John. Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer Aces World War Two. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-753-8.
  • Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'.Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-538-4.
  • Williamson, Murray. Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force), 1983. ISBN 978-1-58566-010-0.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

وصلات خارجية