علامتا تنصيص

قَوْسا التَّنْصيصِ [«...»]:

واضِحٌ مِنَ التَّسْميةِ «قَوْسا التَّنْصيصِ» أَنَّهُما يُسْتَخْدَمُانِ في تَحْديدِ نَصٍّ ما، وَهَذا النَّصُّ تَكونُ لَهُ مَرْجِعيّةٌ ما. قَدْ يَكونُ هَذا النَّصُّ قَوْلًا عَلَى لِسانِ شَخْصٍ ما، وَقَدْ يَكونُ آيةً مِنْ آيِ القُرْآنِ الكَريمِ، وَقَدْ يَكونُ حَديثًا شَريفًا، وَقَدْ يَكونُ سِفْرًا مِنَ الإِنْجيلِ، وَقَدْ يَكونُ خَبَرًا مِنْ جَريدةٍ... المهِمُّ أَنْ يَكونَ مُسْتَقْدَمًا إِلَى الكَلامِ مِنْ أَجْلِ اسْتِخْدامِهِ كَأَنَّهُ كَلِمةٌ واحِدةٌ، وَمِنْ هَذا وَضْعُ مَقولِ القَوْلِ بَينَ قَوْسَي تَنْصيصٍ إِذا جاءَ وَسْطَ الكَلامِ، فَنَضَعُ وَسْطَ هَذِهِ الفَقْرةِ مَثَلًا قَوْلَ فُلانٍ: «لا أَحَدَ في المكانِ». نُلاحِظُ أَنَّ هَذا القَوْلَ مَوْضوعٌ بَينَ قَوْسَي تَنْصيصٍ، وَهَذا لِأَنَّهُ كُلَّهُ لَهُ مَحَلُّهُ الإِعْرابيُّ كَأَنَّهُ كَلِمةٌ واحِدةٌ في السّياقِ، عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ إِعْرابِ كُلِّ كَلِمةٍ مِنْ كَلِماتِهِ حَسَبَ مَوْقِعِها الإِعْرابيِّ في جُمْلَتِها لا في الكَلامِ الأَصْليِّ كَكُلٍّ.

كَما يُمْكِنُ اسْتِخْدامُهُما في تَحْديدِ نَصٍّ ما كاسْمِ كِتابٍ مَثَلًا، فَنَقولُ: قَرَأْتُ رِوايةَ «ذَهَبَ وَلَمْ يَعُدْ». وَهَذا حَتَّى يُعَدَّ اسْمُ الرِّوايةِ كُلُّهُ مُضافًا إِلَيهِ، في حينِ تُعْرَبُ كُلُّ كَلِمةٍ مِنْ كَلِماتِهِ حَسَبَ مَوْقِعِها في جُمْلَتِهِ (أَي في جُمْلةِ اسْمِ الرِّوايةِ).

وَيُمْكِنُ اسْتِخْدامُهُما في تَحْديدِ كَلِمةٍ ما في نَصٍّ ما، كَأَنْ نَقولَ مَثَلًا: إِنَّ «ذَهَبَ» فِعْلٌ ماضٍ. فَتَكونُ كَلِمةُ «ذَهَبَ» فِعْلًا ماضيًا مَبْنيًّا عَلَى الفَتْحِ، في مَحَلِّ نَصْبِ اسْمِ «إِنَّ»، فَهوَ هُنا وارِدٌ كَنَصٍّ وَلَمْ يَرِدْ بِاعْتِبارِهِ فِعْلًا.

وَلَكِنْ في حالةِ كَثْرةِ النُّصوصِ في الموْضوعِ الواحِدِ أَوْ وُجودِ نَصٍّ داخِلَ نَصٍّ فَإِنَّ هَذا يُجْبِرُنا عَلَى اسْتِخْدامِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ شَكْلٍ لأَقْواسِ التَّنْصيصِ، فَقَدْ يُسْتَخْدَمُ القَوْسانِ المضَلَّعانِ ([...]) أَوْ قَوْسا المجْموعةِ ({...}) أَوْ قَوْسا الآيةِ (﴿...﴾) أَوْ غَيرُها مِنْ أَشْكالِ الأَقْواسِ، وَيُسْتَعْمَلُ أَيضًا عَلامَتا التَّنْصيصِ «"..."»، وَهُما شائِعَتانِ في الاسْتِعْمالِ. كَما قَدْ تُسْتَخْدَمُ الأَشْكالُ الأُخْرَى مِنَ الأَقْواسِ عِنْدَ تَمْييزِ نَوْعٍ ما مِنَ النُّصوصِ، كَتَمْييزِ نُصوصِ القُرْآنِ الكَريمِ أَوِ الحَديثِ الشَّريفِ بِشَكْلٍ ما مِنْ أَشْكالِ الأَقْواسِ.


جدول ملخص

Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.

قالب:Sort-under

Language ISO-639 [1][2] Standard Alternative Spacing Names Notes & references
Primary Secondary Notes Primary Secondary Notes
Afrikaans af “...” ‘...’ „...” ‚...’ [i] aanhalingsteken (quotation)
Albanian sq „...“ ‘...’ thonjëza (quotes)
Amharic am «...» ‹...› [3][4] “...” ‘...’ [4] ትምህርተ ጥቅስ (timihirite t’ik’isi, quote)
Arabic ar «...» “...” اختياري ‏علامات تنصيص‎ (ʻalāmāt tanṣīṣ, quotation marks) [ii]
Armenian hy «...» չակերտներ (chakertner, quotation marks)
Azerbaijani az “...” "..." „...“ 0–1 pt dırnaq işarəsi (fingernail mark)
Basque eu «...» “...” [5] “...” ‘...’ komatxoak
Belarusian be «...» „...“ [6] „...“
Bosnian bs
  • ”...”
  • „...”
 ’...’ »...«
»...« is used only in printed media.
Bulgarian bg „...“
[7][iv] «...»[iii]
[7][iv] кавички (kavichki) (or стандартни кавички, двойни кавички (standartni/dvoyni kavichki) for the main types of quotation marks (also called double quotation mark(s)), and единични кавички, вторични кавички (edinichni/vtorichni kavichki) for the secondary quotation marks (also called single quotation mark(s)). [8]
Catalan ca «...» “...” [iv][v] “...” ‘...’ [iv] none
Chinese, simplified zh
[9] 「⋯」 『⋯』 Fullwidth form
[10]
Chinese, traditional zh_TW
[11][12] “⋯” ‘⋯’ Fullwidth form
[13]
Croatian hr „...” ‘...’ [14][15] »...« [14]
Czech cs „...“ ‚...‘ »...« ›...‹ uvozovky (introduce)
Danish da
  • »...«
  • „...“
  • ›...‹
  • ‚...‘
 [16][17]
  • ”...”
  • “...”
 ’...’ [18]
Dutch nl „...” ‚...’ [19] “...” ‘...’
  • Double citation marks are only used in literal citations
  • The sequence when using primary and secondary level is a recommendation, not a rule.
English: UK, Australia, New Zealand en_UK, en_AU, en_NZ ‘...’ “...” [20][viii] “...” ‘...’ 1–2 pt Quotation marks, double quotes, quotes, inverted commas, speech marks
  • Usage of single or double as primary varies across English varieties.[21]
English: US, Canada, South Africa en_US, en_CA, en_ZA “...” ‘...’ [viii]
Esperanto eo “...” ‘...’ [ix]
  • «...»
  • „...“
  • ‹...›
  • ‚...‘
 citiloj (lit. quoting tools)
Estonian et „...“ «...»
Filipino tl_PH “...” ‘...’ [22][viii] [22] panipi
Finnish fi ”...” ’...’ [23] »...» ’...’ [23] lainausmerkit (citation marks)
French fr « ... » « ... »[أ] [iv] ‹ ... › [iv] [24] guillemets (William)
“...”[ث] “...” ‘...’ none
French, Switzerland[ج] fr_CH «...» ‹...›
Galician gl «...» “...” [25] “...” ‘...’ [25]
Georgian ka „...“ none [1] none ბრჭყალები (brč’q’alebi, claws)
German de „...“ ‚...‘ »...« ›...‹
German, Switzerland; Swiss German[ج] de_CH «...» ‹...› „...“ ‚...‘
Greek el «...»
  • “...”
  • ‟...”[ح]
 [28][29][30] εισαγωγικά (eisagogiká, introductory marks)
Hebrew he ”...„ ’...‚ [31] "..." '...' מֵירְכָאוֹת (merkha'ot) Not to be confused with גֵּרְשַׁיִם (gershayim, double geresh typographical mark).[ii]
Hindi hi “...” ‘...’ [32] उद्धरण चिह्न (uddharan chihn)
Hungarian hu „...” »...« [iv]
The three levels of Hungarian quotation: „...»...’...’...«...”[33]
Icelandic is „...“ ‚...‘

or
‘...’

[34] tilvitnunarmerki

gæsalappir (‘goose feet’)

Ido io « ... » ‘ ... ’ cito-hoketi (quotation hooks)
Indonesian id “...” ‘...’ [35] ”...” ’...’ tanda kutip, tanda petik (quote mark) Usage of alternative marks seen among the literature by Jehovah’s Witnesses in Indonesian.
Interlingua ia “...” ‘...’ [ix] virgulettas (small commas)
Irish ga “...” ‘...’ 1–2 pt liamóg (William)
Italian it «...» “...” [36] “...” ‘...’ [36] virgolette (small commas)
Japanese ja
Fullwidth form
Occasionally, other symbols, such as “...”, are used stylistically. Quotes are almost always followed by particle と.
Kazakh kk «...» „...“ “...” тырнақша (tyrnaqşa) [37]
Karakalpak kaa «...» “...” tırnaqsha (tırnaqsha)
Khmer km «...» [خ] “...” សញ្ញាសម្រង់ (saññā samráng, quotation mark)
Korean, North Korea ko_KP 《...》 〈...〉
Korean, South Korea ko_KR “...”[38] ‘...’[38] قالب:Css-style[vi] قالب:Css-style[vi]
  • “...” 쌍따옴표 (ssang-ttaompyo, double quotation mark)
  • ‘...’ 따옴표 (ttaompyo, quotation mark)
  • 「...」 낫표 (natpyo, scythe symbol)
  • 『...』 겹낫표 (gyeomnatpyo, double scythe symbol)
Lao lo “...” ວົງຢືມ (vong yum)
Latvian lv
  • “...”
  • „...”
 «...»
[39]
Lithuanian lt „...“ ‚...‘[40] kabutės
Lojban jbo lu ... li’u lu “...” li’u Double quotes are not officially named in Lojban, but sometimes called lubu, following the same pattern as vowel letters, e.g. ⟨a⟩ = abu Lojban uses the words lu and li’u, rather than punctuation, to surround quotes of grammatically correct Lojban.[41] Double quotes can also be used for aesthetic purposes. Non-Lojban text may be quoted using zoi.[42]
Macedonian mk „...“ ’...‘ [43] [43]
Maltese mt “...” ‘...’ Virgoletti
Mongolian, Cyrillic script mn «...» „...“ [iv] „...“
Mongolian, Mongolian script mn ⟪...⟫ ⟨...⟩ [x][44]
New Tai Lue khb 《...》 〈...〉 [45]
Norwegian no «...» ‘...’ [46] „...“ ,...‘
Occitan oc «...» “...” “...” «...» guilheumets, verguetas
Pashto ps «...» [47] [ii]
Persian fa «...» گیومه (giyume, guillaume) [ii]
Polish pl „...” »...« [iv] «...»[xi] ‘...’[xii] none cudzysłów (someone else's word)
Portuguese, Brazil pt_BR “...” ‘...’ [iv]
* aspas duplas (double quotation marks)
Portuguese, Portugal pt_PT «...» “...” [53][iv] “...” ‘...’ [53]
Romanian ro „...” «...» [54][iv] none ghilimele (quotes)
Romansh[ج] rm «...» ‹...›
Russian ru «...» „...“ [iv] “...” ‘...’ none
Serbian sr „...” ’...’ [55][iv] „...“ ‘...’ [55][iv]
Scottish Gaelic gd ‘...’ “...” “...” ‘...’ cromagan turrach
Slovak sk „...“ ‚...‘ »...« ›...‹ úvodzovky (introduce)
Slovene sl „...“ ‚...‘ »...« ›...‹ navednice
Sorbian wen
hsb
dsb 		„...“ ‚...‘
Spanish es «...» “...” [56][iv] “...” ‘...’ [iv][v]
Swedish sv ”...” ’...’ [57]
  • »...»
  • »...«
 ’...’ [57]
Tai Le tdd 《...》 〈...〉 [58]
Tibetan bo 《...》 〈...〉 [59]
Tigrinya ti «...» ‹...› [4] “...” ‘...’ [4]
Thai th “...” ‘...’ อัญประกาศ (anyaprakat, differentiating mark), ฟันหนู (fạnh̄nū, mouse teeth)
Turkish tr “...” ‘...’ [60] «...» ‹...› 0–1 pt tırnak işareti (fingernail mark)
Ukrainian uk «...»
  • “...”
  • ‘...’
 [61]
none лапки (lapky, little paws)
Urdu ur “...” ‘...’ [62] واوین (wāwain) [ii]
Uyghur ug «...» ‹...› [63] none
[ii]
Uzbek uz «...» (Cyrillic)

“...” (Latin)

„...“ (Cyrillic)

‘...’ (Latin)

[64] „...“ ‚...‘ qoʻshtirnoq (nails)
Vietnamese vi “...” [65] « ... » NBSP (optional)
Welsh cy ‘...’ “...” “...” ‘...’ 1–2 pt dyfynodau
  1. ^ أ ب Traditional.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Direction of text is right-to-left.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Rarely used.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ A quotation dash is preferred for dialogue.
  5. ^ أ ب A closing quotation mark is added to the beginning of each new paragraph.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Only used when text is written vertically (up-to-down and right-to-left).
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث Rotated for use in horizontal text; originally written ﹁⋮﹂ and ﹃⋮﹄ in vertical text
  8. ^ أ ب ت Within a quotation, the opening quotation mark is repeated at the beginning of each new paragraph.
  9. ^ أ ب Usage may vary, depending on the native language of the author and publisher.
  10. ^ Direction of text is vertical.
  11. ^ In the scientific works as definitions and in literature
  12. ^ Tertiary quotation mark (very rare) and in the scientific works as definitions
  13. ^ Handwriting.
  1. ^ According to the French Imprimerie nationale. English quotes are more common on the second level.
  2. ^ According to French usage in print and the practice of the French Imprimerie nationale. A rule in the house style guide recommends NBSP, though.
  3. ^ According to a rule in the house style guide of the French Imprimerie nationale. Practice in the style guide and elsewhere shows use of NNBSP, though. Also used in word processing, where NBSP is not justifying, though (except in Word 2013, according to this forum thread).
  4. ^ According to French usage. The French Imprimerie nationale recommends double angle quotes even on the second level.
  5. ^ أ ب ت In Switzerland the same style is used for all four national languages.
  6. ^ Traditional typographical practice.
  7. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout and fonts.


الهامش

  1. ^ ISO-639-2 where available, otherwise ISO-639-3.
  2. ^ With _region for disambiguation; suitable for localisation using {{{1}}} as per Posix.
  3. ^ Appleyard, David (2012). Colloquial Amharic: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 9780415671811.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث "Ethiopic Layout Requirements". w3c.github.io. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  5. ^ "Komatxoak (« »; " "; ' ')". Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua (in الباسكية). Euskaltzaindia. p. 472–. ISBN 9788494848940. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  6. ^ Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь (2010). Правілы беларускай арфаграфіі і пунктуацыі (in البيلاروسية). Minsk: Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь.
  7. ^ أ ب Institute for the Bulgarian Language (2002). Principles and Rules of Spelling Orthography and Punctuation in the Bulgarian Language (in البلغارية). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
  8. ^
    • „...“ is sometimes replaced by "..." or very rarely by “...”
    • ’...’ and ‘...’ are sometimes written as '...', ‘...’ or ‛...’
    • There is some limited use of alternative secondary quotation marks: ’...‘; ,...‘; ’...’; ,...’; ‹...›.
  9. ^ "Punctuation usage, Use of punctuation marks". yys.ac.cn. State Technical Supervision Bureau (for National Standards of People's Republic of China). 13 December 1995. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006.
  10. ^
    • Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese agree on the names of the vertical rectangle quotation marks (قالب:Css-styleand قالب:Css-style) but disagree on which pair being the primary one.
    • In Simplified Chinese, rectangle quotation marks are only used in vertical texts. The horizontal rectangle quotation marks are not commonly used in Simplified Chinese, and in the rare cases where they are used, often the convention of Traditional Chinese is followed.
  11. ^ "《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版（網路試用版）". Edu.tw. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  12. ^ "語文學習基礎知識". Resources.hkedcity.net. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  13. ^
    • Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese agree on the names of the vertical rectangle quotation marks (قالب:Css-styleand قالب:Css-style) but disagree on which pair being the primary one.
    • In Traditional Chinese, curly quotation marks are not commonly used, and in the rare cases where they are used, often the convention of Simplified Chinese is followed.
  14. ^ أ ب "8.16, 8.17. Navodnici - Hrvatski pravopis". pravopis.hr. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  15. ^ "interpunkcija". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  16. ^ Birkvig, Henrik (2020). Grundbog i typografi (in الدانمركية) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur. ISBN 9788759337929.
  17. ^ "Retskrivningsregler: § 58. Anførselstegn" [Rules of orthography: § 58. Quotation marks]. dsn.dk (in الدانمركية). Dansk Sprognævn. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  18. ^ "Typografi" (PDF). Danmarks Medie- og Journalisthøjskole. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  19. ^ أ ب "Aanhalingstekens (algemeen)". Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Punctuation in direct speech". Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
  21. ^ The usage of single or double marks historically (and still) has been subject to varying standards dependent on individual or institution, though the older usage is double marking. Due to global influence, it has been popularly observed that double markings are more commonly employed in both formal and informal writing.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  22. ^ أ ب Commission on the Filipino Language (2009). Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino (in الفلبينية). Manila: Commission on the Filipino Language. ISBN 9789718705971.
  23. ^ أ ب Regulated by the standard SFS 4175:2006, “Typing of numbers, marks and signs." Released by the National standards organization of Finland.
  24. ^
  25. ^ أ ب González Rei, Begoña (2004). Ortografía da lingua galega. Galinova Editorial. ISBN 9788497370417.
  26. ^ "Dicionario da Real Academia Galega". Academia.gal. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  27. ^ Sanmartín Rei, Goretti; et al. (2006). "Criterios para o uso da lingua" (PDF). A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña; Servizo de Publicacións; Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  28. ^ Δημήτρης Ν. Μαρωνίτης, «Το Εγκόλπιο της Ορθής Γραφής» (1998)
  29. ^ "Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων — Διοργανικό εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης κειμένων — 10.1.7. Εισαγωγικά". European Union. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  30. ^ Yannis Haralambous, "Guidelines and Suggested Amendments to the Greek Unicode Tables", 21th International Unicode Conference, May 2002.
  31. ^ "הפיסוק". האקדמיה ללשון העברית. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Punctuation Marks in Hindi - विराम-चिन्ह, Examples". Hindi.Edurite.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  33. ^ "A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás" (in الهنغارية). 240/j. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Íslenskar ritreglur". Icelandic Government. 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  35. ^ Tim Pengembang Pedoman Bahasa Indonesia (2016). Pedoman umum ejaan bahasa Indonesia [General guidelines for Indonesian spelling system] (PDF) (in الإندونيسية) (4th ed.). Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. pp. 53–55. ISBN 9789790692626. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  36. ^ أ ب "Discorso diretto". Treccani.it. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  37. ^ "О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику" [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in الروسية). President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  38. ^ أ ب "한글 맞춤법 - 국립국어원". Korean.go.kr. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  39. ^ There is no standardized way on how quotation marks used in Latvian, depending on several usages:
    • “...” is preferred as widespread use in Latvian, which is same as English.
    • „...” is preferred for use in traditional handwriting and used in the Latvian Language Agency's (LVA) website.
    • «...» is rarely seen in Latvian but can be found in several textbooks. It was also used in widespread usage during the occupation of the Soviet Union.
    Historically, „...“ (German-stlye quotes) was used in Latvian in the first half of 20th century.
  40. ^ According to the Microsoft Lithuanian Style Guide Archived 24 يناير 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Lithuanian quotation marks are low-99 high-66 style only.
  41. ^ "Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts". The Lojban Reference Grammar. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  42. ^ "Quoting text in another language". mw.Lojban.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  43. ^ أ ب pp. 141-143, Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик, Б. Видеоски etal., Просветно Дело-Скопје (2007)
  44. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine and fonts Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine; Mongolian Baiti font shows the wrong direction.
  45. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine and fonts Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  46. ^ "Anførselstegn (sitattegn): Slik bruker du anførselstegn i norsk" Archived 4 يونيو 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Korrekturavdelingen, Retrieved on 30 May 2018.
  47. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ^ "Aspas".
  49. ^ "Dicionário Terminológico para consulta em linha". dt.dge.mec.pt (in البرتغالية). Governo de Portugal. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  50. ^ أ ب ت "A curvatura das aspas". Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (in البرتغالية). Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  51. ^ "As aspas em linha («») e as aspas elevadas ("")". Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (in البرتغالية). Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  52. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة infopedia
  53. ^ أ ب Bergström, Magnus, & Neves Reis 2004. Prontuário Ortográfico e Guia da Língua Portuguesa. Editorial Notícias, Lisboa.
  54. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan“, Îndreptar ortografic, ortoepic și de punctuație, ediția a V-a, Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1995
  55. ^ أ ب Pižurica, Mato; Pešikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan (2010). Pravopis srpskoga jezika (4th ed.). Matica Srpska. ISBN 978-86-7946-105-6.
  56. ^ "Comillas". Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas (in الإسبانية). Real Academia Española. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  57. ^ أ ب "Veckans språkråd". Spraknamnden.se. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  58. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine and fonts Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ^ Inferred from fonts Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ "Noktalama İşaretleri (Açıklamalar)". Türk Dil Kurumu (in التركية). Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  61. ^ "Інститут мовознавства ім. О.О.Потебні | Нова редакція «Українського правопису». Повний текст". INMO.org.ua (in الأوكرانية). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  62. ^ Gul, Majeed Ullah (29 July 2020). "رُموزِ اوقاف | لفظونہ". Lafzuna.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  63. ^ Inferred from keyboard layout Archived 5 مارس 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  64. ^ Davlatovna, Sapayeva Feruza. Oʻzbek tili orfografiyasi va punktuatsiyasi. Ajiniyoz nomidagi Nukus davlat pedagogika instituti — Filologiya fakulteti.
  65. ^ Trung tâm Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Quốc gia, ed. (2002). "Các dấu câu trong tiếng Việt" [Punctuation marks in Vietnamese]. Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt [Vietnamese grammar] (in الفيتنامية). Social Sciences Publishing House. pp. 287–292. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2014.

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قالب:Typography

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