سنوري ستورتلوسون

هذا هو اسم آيسلندي. الاسم الأخير هو اسم الأب، وليس لقب العائلة؛ هذا الشخص يشار إليه بالاسم الشخصي Snorri.

سنوري ستورتلوسون
Snorri Sturluson
“Snorri Sturluson” بريشة كريستيان كروگ (ع1890)
وُلِدَ	1179 (1179) Hvammur, Dalasýsla, أيسلندا
توفي	23 September 1241 (1241-09-24) (عن عمر 61) Reykholt, أيسلندا
المهنة	الناطق بإسم مجلس تشريعي، مؤلف، شاعر، مؤرخ وسياسي
العصر	Age of Sturlungs
الهيئة	Althing
العمل البارز	Prose Edda, Heimskringla
الزوج	Herdís Bersadóttir ​ ​ (m. 1199; estranged 1206)​
الشريك	Hallveig Ormsdóttir (1224–1241) Guðrún Hreinsdóttir Oddny Þuríður Hallsdóttir
الأنجال	~6
الوالدان	Sturla Þórðarson Guðný Böðvarsdóttir
العائلة	Sturlungar family clan

An illustrated title page of a manuscript from 1764 containing the Prose Edda (ÍB 299 4to)

سنوري سترلسون (Snorri Sturluson؛ (آيسلندية: [ˈsnɔrrɪ ˈstʏrtlʏsɔn] عاش 1179 - 1241) قائد سياسي، ومؤرخ، وشاعر، وناقد، وراوي قصص أيسلندي، يعد رمزاً في الأدب النوردي في القرون الوسطى. كان رئيس المحكمة العليا الأيسلندية، وكان تابعاً للملك هاكون الرابع من النرويج. كان مؤلف "إدا النثرية" (Snorra Edda) و"هيمسكرينگلا" (Heimskringla)، تاريخ الملوك النرويجيين. بعد أن فسدت علاقته مع هاكون أُعدِم بطلب من الملك.

النشأة

وادي سكگي في هڤامور.

سنوري هو حفيد الشاعر إيگل سكالاگريمسون بطل حكاية إيگيل، وتربى في أودي مع إخوته الثلاثة في بيت قريبهم يون لوبتسون الحكيم وهو أول مؤرخ معروف لأيسلندا ولماگنوس الثاني من النرويج ومثل العديد من زعماء القبائل كان يون كاهنا معينا ومهتما بالتاريخ فأخذ منه سنوري معرفته العميقة بالتاريخ والتقاليد الأيسلندية.

السياسي

في عام 1199 تزوج سنوري من إحدى الوريثات وبدأ يحوز الأراضي والسلطات، وفي عام 1206 استقر في ريكيا هولت حيث كتب أغلب أعماله بين عامي (1223 – 35) وبنى بيتا فخما مع حمام مبلط تسخنه الينابيع البركانية، وبين عامي 1215 – 18 و22 – 38 كان رئيس المحكمة العليا الأيسلندية، وفي سنة 1218 استدعاه هاكون الرابع من النرويج إلى النرويج وزار العائلات النبيلة في السويد.

بدأ في الانخراط في السياسة عندما كان يزور النرويجيين الذين كانوا يخططون لحملة تأديبية على قبيلة أودي الأيسلندية فقام بإقناع هاكون بأنه يمكنه أن يصبح ملك أيسلندا ويصبح أهلها في صفه فأصبح بهذا تابع هاكون ورجع لموطنه عام 1220 وبعث ابنه لهاكون كرهينة كنوع من الضمان، ولكن عندما فشل في الاستمرار في متابعة قضية هاكون قام الأخير بالانتقام بإشعال الخلافات بينه وبين قريبه ستورلا وتم تجريم سنوري ففر للنرويج عام 1237 وبعد سنتين عاد لأيسلندا وأظهر العداء لهاكون الذي أمر بمهاجمته وقتله في بيته وتم هذا عن طريق عدوه وصهره گيسور ثورڤالدسون.

الفشل في آيسلندا

Many of the other chiefs found his position as royal office-holder contrary to their interests, especially the other Sturlungar. Snorri's strategy seems to have been to consolidate power over them, at which point he could offer Iceland to the king. His first moves were civic. On the death in 1222 of Sæmundur, son of Jón Loftsson, he became a suitor for the hand of his daughter, Sólveig. Herdís' silent vote did nothing for his suit. His nephew, Sturla Sighvatsson, Snorri's political opponent, stepped in to marry her in 1223, the year before Snorri married Hallveig.

A period of clan feuding followed. Snorri raised an armed party under his nephew Böðvar Þórðarson, and another under his son Órækja, with the intent of executing a first strike against his brother Sighvatur and Sturla Sighvatsson. It is possible that Snorri perceived that only resolute, saga-like actions could achieve his objective, but if so he proved unwilling or incapable of carrying them out. Alternatively, he might have done this as military posturing or performance of power. On the eve of battle he dismissed those forces and offered terms to his brother.

Sighvatur and Sturla drove Snorri into the countryside with a force of 1000 men, where he sought refuge among other goðar. Órækja undertook guerrilla operations in the fjords of western Iceland and fighting carried on.

Haakon IV made an effort to intervene from afar, inviting all of Iceland's chieftains to a peace conference in Norway. This maneuver was transparent to Sighvatur, who suspected, as apparently Snorri did not, that the king was planning a maneuver against the goðar in Norway. Instead of killing his opponents he began to insist that they take the king up on his offer.

Órækja's fate was capture by his cousin Sturla during an ostensible peace negotiation at Reykjaholt. Þorleifur Þórðarson, a cousin of Snorri's, was also captured. Þorleifur had come to his assistance with 800 men, but was deserted by Snorri on the battlefield in a flare-up over the chain of command. In 1237, Snorri thought it best to travel to Norway and join the king.

نهاية سنوري والكومنولث

للمزيد من المعلومات: Age of the Sturlungs

The reign of Haakon IV (Hákon Hákonarson), King of Norway, was troubled by civil war relating to questions of succession and was at various times divided into quasi-independent regions under rival contenders. There were always plots against the king and questions of loyalty but he nevertheless managed to build up the Norwegian state from what it had been.

When Snorri arrived in Norway for the second time, it was clear to the king that he was no longer a reliable agent. The conflict between Haakon and Skúli was beginning to escalate into civil war. Snorri stayed with the jarl and his son, and the jarl gave him the jarl title, hoping to command his allegiance. In August 1238, Sighvatur and four of his sons (Sturla, Markús, Kolbeinn, and Þórður Krókur, the latter two executed after the battle), were killed at the Battle of Örlygsstaðir in Iceland against Gissur Þorvaldsson and Kolbein the Young, chiefs whom they had provoked. Snorri, Órækja, and Þorleifur requested permission to return home. As the king now could not predict Snorri's behavior, permission was denied. He was explicitly ordered to remain in Norway on the basis of his honorary rank. Skúli on the other hand gave permission and helped them book passage.

Snorri must have had his own ideas about the king's position and the validity of his orders, but at any rate he chose to disobey them; his words according to the Sturlunga saga, út vil ek (literally 'out want I', but idiomatically 'I will go home'), have become proverbial in Icelandic. He returned to Iceland in 1239. The king was distracted by the necessity to confront Skúli, who declared himself king in 1239. Skúli was defeated militarily and killed in 1240. Meanwhile, Snorri resumed his chieftainship and made a bid to crush Gissur by prosecuting him in court for the deaths of his brother Sighvatr and nephew Sturla. After the jarl's defeat, Haakon sent two agents to Gissur bearing a secret letter with orders to kill or capture Snorri. Gissur was being invited now to join the unionist movement. A meeting at the Althing was arranged for the summer of 1241 but Gissur and Kolbein arrived with several hundred men. Snorri and 120 men formed around a church. Gissur chose to pay fines rather than to attack.

Hallveig died of natural causes. When the family bickered over the inheritance, Hallveig's sons, Klaeing and Orm, asked assistance from their uncle Gissur. Holding a meeting with them and Kolbein the Younger, Gissur brought out the letter. Orm refused. Shortly after, Snorri received a letter in cipher runes warning him of the plot, but he could not understand them.

Afterwards Gissur led seventy men on a daring raid to his house, achieving complete surprise. Snorri Sturluson was assassinated in his house at Reykholt in autumn of 1241. It is not clear that he was given the option of surrender. He fled to the cellar. There, Símon knútur asked Árni the Bitter to strike him. Then Snorri said: Eigi skal hǫggva! – "Do not strike!" Símon answered: Hǫgg þú! — "You strike now!" Snorri replied: Eigi skal hǫggva! – "Do not strike!" and these were his last words.

This act was not popular in either Iceland or Norway. To diminish the odium, the king insisted that if Snorri had submitted, he would have been spared. The fact that he could make such an argument reveals how far his influence in Iceland had come. Haakon went on suborning the chiefs of Iceland. In 1262, the Althing ratified union with Norway and royal authority was instituted in Iceland. Each member swore an oath of personal loyalty to the king, a practice which continued as each new king came to the throne, until absolute and hereditary monarchy was formally accepted by the Icelanders in 1662.

التراث الأدبي

كانت "إدا النثرية" بحثاً في فن الشعر احتوى على خلاصة الميثولوجيا النوردية. تسرد رواية "هيمسكرينگلا" تاريخ النرويج وملوكها الأسطوريين والحقيقيين من أودين وحتى ماگنوس أرلنگسون أي إلى عام 1184، دامجة الأساطير التقليدية مع المعلومات التاريخية الواقعية، ولها مزايا أدبية عظيمة. كان حس سنوري الدرامي كبيراً والذي كان أحد العوامل الرئيسية في براعته الأدبية.

شخصية سنوري

الصفات مثل الذكاء والحماسة والشجاعة في كتابات سنوري تتباين مع شخصيته الضعيفة والماكرة التي وضعها ابن أخيه في ستورلونگاساگا والتي أظهرته كشخص بخيل مع عائلته وانتهازي في السياسة وذو طموح عالي ولكن تنقصه الشجاعة والإرادة ليحقق طموحه وربما كانت هذا الصفات ميزة لسنوري ككاتب ولكنها لم تنفعه كرجل في عام قاسي.

الذكرى

Snorri Sturluson's writings provide information and indications concerning persons and events influencing the peoples inhabiting North Europe during periods for which relevant information is scarce: thus, for example, he can be used to illuminate relations between England and Scandinavia during the 10th and 11th centuries. Snorri is considered a figure of enduring importance in this regard, Halvdan Koht describing his work as "surpassing anything else that the Middle Ages have left us of historical literature". He also provided an early account of the discovery of Vinland.

To an extent, the legacy of Snorri Sturluson also played a role in politics long after his death. His writings could be used in support of the claims of later Norwegian kings concerning the venerability and extent of their rule. Later, Heimskringla factored in establishing a national identity during the Norwegian romantic nationalism in mid-19th century.

Icelandic perception of Snorri in the 20th century and to date has been colored by the historical views adopted when Iceland sought to sever its ties with Denmark, any revision of which still has strong nationalistic sentiments to contend with. To serve such views, Snorri and other leading Icelanders of his time are sometimes judged with an element of presentism, drawing on concepts that came into vogue only centuries later, such as state, independence, sovereignty, and nation.

Jorge Luis Borges and María Kodama studied and translated the Gylfaginning to Spanish, providing a biographic account of Snorri at the prologue.

"Nine worlds I remember", one of the epigraphs to chapter IV of Carl Sagan's Cosmos, is a quotation from Snorri's Edda.

النصب التذكارية

• Snorres gate, a street in the district of St. Hanshaugen in Oslo, was named in his honor during 1896. There is also Snorrabraut, a thoroughfare in Eastern Central Reykjavik, Iceland, dating from the 1940s.
• A statue of Snorri Sturluson, by Gustav Vigeland, is located at Reykholt. The Norwegian Government donated the statue to the Icelandic nation in 1947. The original intention of donating it on the 700th anniversary of Snorri's death, was precluded by World War II (Norway and Iceland were occupied by, respectively, Germany and the United States at the time). A copy of the Reykholt statue was unveiled in Bergen, Norway during 1948.
• A model of the Reykholt statue appeared on an Icelandic commemorative postage stamp in 1941.
• The 700th anniversary of his death was also recognized by the issue of a set of six Norwegian commemorative postage stamps during 1941. Each stamp featured illustrations from Heimskringla by Norwegian artist Harald Damsleth.
• Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre in Reykholt was established on 6 September 1988, with opening ceremonies attended by Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland, and King Olav V of Norway.

طالع أيضا

• Sauðafell Raid
• ساجا

مصادر

• 1978 Encyclopedia Britannica

وصلات خارجية

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

سنوري ستورتلوسون

• Prose Edda
• Heimskringla
• Snorrastofa Official Website
• أعمال من Snorri Sturluson في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about سنوري ستورتلوسون at Internet Archive
• Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts, site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the جامعة أيسلندا.
• Snorri Sturluson, article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.
• The Women in Snorri's Life.
• Snorri Sturluson in the Catholic Encyclopedia
• Thor Heyerdahl, "The Azerbaijan Connection: Challenging Euro-Centric Theories of Migration," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 3:1 (Spring 1995), pp. 60–61.