خطم

الخطم (snout)، هو الجزء البارز من وجه الحيوان، ويشمل الأنف والفم والفك. وفي العديد من الحيوانات، يُطلق على هذا التركيب اسم البوز،[1] آو الخرطوم، المنقار، rostrum، أو الخرطوم. يُشار أحياناً إلى خطم الكلب بالعامية اختصاراً بالخطم.[2][3] يُطلق مصطلح المَلْثَم على السطح الرطب الخالي من الفراء المحيط بمنخري الأنف لدى العديد من الثدييات (وهو ما يُعرف عامةً "بالخطم البارد الرطب" لدى بعض الثدييات). وغالباً ما يرتبط هذا الجزء بحاسة شم أقوى.
الفعل "خ ط م"
بحسب مختار الصحاح، الخِطَامُ هو الزِّمَام.[4]
معاني المادة "خ ط م":
- الخِطَامُ: الزِّمام (ما يُجعل في أنف الدابة ليقاد به).
- الخِطْمِيُّ: بكسر الخاء، النبت أو الدواء الذي يُغسل به الرأس. وذُكر في الديوان أَنَّ فِي الْخَطْمِيِّ لُغَتَيْنِ فَتْحَ الْخَاءِ وَكَسْرَهَا.
الأنواع

Snouts are found on many mammals in a variety of shapes. Some animals, including ursines and great cats, have box-like snouts, while others, like shrews, have pointed snouts. Pig snouts are flat and cylindrical.
الرئيسيات
Strepsirrhine primates have muzzles, as do baboons. Great apes have reduced muzzles, with the exception being human beings, whose face does not have protruding jaws nor a snout but merely a human nose.[5]
الكلاب
The muzzle begins at the stop, just below the eyes, and includes the dog's nose and mouth. In the domestic dog, most of the upper muzzle contains organs for detecting scents. The loose flaps of skin on the sides of the upper muzzle that hang to different lengths over the mouth are called 'flews'.
The muzzle is innervated by one of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which start in the brain and emerge through the skull to their target organs. Other destinations of these nerves are the eyeballs, teeth and tongue.
The muzzle shape of a domestic dog ranges in shape depending upon the breed, from extremely long and thin (dolichocephalic), as in the Rough Collie, to nearly nonexistent because it is so flat (extreme brachycephalic), as in the pug. Some breeds, such as many sled dogs and spitz types, have muzzles that somewhat resemble the original wolf's in size and shape, and others in the less extreme range have shortened it somewhat (mesocephalic) as in many hounds.
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Dolichocephalic (long and thin snout): Rough Collie
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Mesocephalic (medium length snout): English Cocker Spaniel
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Brachycephalic (extremely flat snout): Pug
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The flews of the Black and Tan Coonhound overhang the lower jaw.
المصادر
- ^ Howard E. Evans; Alexander de Lahunta (7 August 2013). Miller's Anatomy of the Dog - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-26623-9.
- ^ Nelso, Matt (October 3, 2017) [September 4, 2017]. #WeRateDogs: The Most Hilarious and Adorable Pups You've Ever Seen. New York City, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510717152.
- ^ McCarthy, Erin (June 6, 2023). Mental Floss: Curious Compendium of Wonderful Words. San Rafael, CA: Weldon Owen. p. 85. ISBN 9798886740202.
- ^ باب الخاء: "خ ط م"، مختار الصحاح.
- ^ Wilkins, Adam (2017). "History of the Face II: From Early Primates to Modern Humans". Making Faces. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780674725522.