أنواع الثورات البركانية

هذه مقالة جيدة. لمزيد من المعلومات، اضغط هنا.
(تم التحويل من أنواع ثورات البراكين)
Mosaic of some eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity: An eruption column from a Plinian eruption, Pahoehoe lava flow from a Hawaiian eruption, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption.


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آليات الثورات البركانية

Diagram showing the scale of VEI correlation with total ejecta volume.


مؤشر انفجارية البرجان

Volcanic eruptions by VEI index[1]

VEI Plume height Eruptive volume * Eruption type Frequency ** Example
0 <100 m (330 ft) 1,000 m3 (35,300 cu ft) Hawaiian Continuous Kilauea
1 100–1,000 m (300–3,300 ft) 10,000 m3 (353,000 cu ft) Hawaiian/Strombolian Months Stromboli
2 1–5 km (1–3 mi) 1,000,000 m3 (35,300,000 cu ft) Strombolian/Vulcanian Months Galeras (1992)
3 3–15 km (2–9 mi) 10,000,000 m3 (353,000,000 cu ft) Vulcanian Yearly Nevado del Ruiz (1985)
4 10–25 km (6–16 mi) 100,000,000 m3 (3.53×109 cu ft) Vulcanian/Peléan Few years Galunggung (1982)
5 >25 km (16 mi) 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) Plinian 5–10 years Mount St. Helens (1980)
6 >25 km (16 mi) 10 km3 (2 cu mi) Plinian/Ultra Plinian 1,000 years Krakatoa (1883)
7 >25 km (16 mi) 100 km3 (20 cu mi) Ultra Plinian 10,000 years Tambora (1815)
8 >25 km (16 mi) 1,000 km3 (200 cu mi) Ultra Plinian 100,000 years Lake Toba (74 ka)
* This is the minimum eruptive volume neccessary for the eruption to be considered within the category.
** Values are a rough estimate. Exceptions occur.
There is a discontinuity between the 2nd and 3rd VEI level; instead of increasing by a magnitude of 10, the value increases by a magnitude of 100 (from 10,000 to 1,000,000).

ثورات الصخور المنصهرة

Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra Plinian eruption columns more than 30 km (19 mi) high, bigger than the AD 79 eruption that buried Pompeii.[2]

Hawaiian

Diagram of a Hawaiian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lava fountain 3. Crater 4. Lava lake 5. Fumaroles 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) Click for larger version.


Ropey pahoehoe lava from Kilauea, Hawaiʻi.

Strombolian


An example of the lava arcs formed during Strombolian activity. This image is of Stromboli itself.


Vulcanian

Diagram of a Vulcanian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) Click for larger version.

Peléan

Plinian


21 April 1990 eruptive column from Redoubt Volcano, as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula.


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Phreatomagmatic eruptions


Surtseyan

Submarine



Subglacial



Phreatic eruptions

انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة hvw-vei
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة volcash

قراءات إضافية

  • Volcanic Ash. University of California Press. 1985. p. 258. ISBN 978-0520052413. Retrieved 5 August 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • "A transient model for explosive and phreatomagmatic eruptions". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volcanic Eruption Mechanisms - Insights from intercomparison of models of conduit processes. 143 (1–3): 133–151. May 2005. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.09.014. Retrieved 5 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Pyle, D. M. (January 1989). "The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits". Bulletin of Volcanology. 51 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/BF01086757.
  • "Quantitative shape measurements of distal volcanic ash" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B10). 28 October 2003. doi:10.1029/2001JB000818. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • William Henry Mathews (September 1947). ""Tuyas," flat-topped volcanoes in northern British Columbia". American Journal of Science. 245: 560–570.. This is the original landmark paper by William Henry Mathews that first described tuyas and subglacial eruptions.


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وصلات خارجية