ثيمة (مقاطعة بيزنطية)

(تم التحويل من Theme (country subdivision))
خريطة تبين امتداد الامبراطورية البيزنطية في ح. 600 و ح. 900، بما في ذلك الثيمات للتاريخ اللاحق

ثيمات theme أو ثيماتا (باليونانية: θέματα؛ ومفردها: θέμα، ثيما) كانت التقسيمات الادارية/العسكرية الرئيسية في الامبراطورية البيزنطية الوسيطة. وقد تأسسوا في منتصف القرن السابع في أعقاب الغزو السلاڤي للبلقان والفتوحات الإسلامية لأجزاء من الأراضي البيزنطية، وقد حلت محل نظام المقاطعات الذي أرساه ديوكلتيان وقسطنطين الأكبر. وفي أصلهم، فإن أول الثيمات خُلِقت من مناطق معسكرات الجيوش الميدانية للجيش الروماني الشرقي، وأسماهن تناظر الوحدات العسكرية التي تواجدت في تلك المناطق. بلغ نظام الثيمات أوجه في القرنين التاسع والعاشر، إذ انفصمت الثيمات القديمة وأدت الفتوحات الحديثة إلى خلق ثيمات جديدة. خضع نظام الثيمات الأصلي لتغيرات بارزة في القرنين 11 و 12، إلا أن المصطلح ظل مستخدماً في السياق الاداري والمالي حتى نهاية الامبراطورية.

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التاريخ

قالب:Byzantine Military


خلفية

التنظيم

المصطلح ثيما كان غامضاً، ويشير إلى كلٍ من شكل تراتب عسكري وإلى تقسيم اداري. A theme was an arrangement of plots of land given for farming to the soldiers. The soldiers were still technically a military unit, under the command of a strategos, and they did not own the land they worked as it was still controlled by the state. Therefore, for its use the soldiers' pay was reduced. By accepting this proposition, the participants agreed that their descendants would also serve in the military and work in a theme, thus simultaneously reducing the need for unpopular conscription as well as cheaply maintaining the military. It also allowed for the settling of conquered lands, as there was always a substantial addition made to public lands during a conquest.

The commander of a theme, however, did not only command his soldiers. He united the civil and military jurisdictions in the territorial area in question. Thus the division set up by Diocletian between civil governors (praesides etc.) and military commanders (duces etc.) was abolished, and the Empire returned to a system much more similar to that of the Republic or the Principate, where provincial governors had also commanded the armies in their area.

The following table illustrates the thematic structure as found in the Thracesian Theme, c. 902-936:

هيكلية ثيما ثراكيسيون
الاسم عديد الأفراد عدد الوحدات التابعة الضابط المسئول
ثيما 9,600 4 تورماي Strategos
تورما 2,400 6 Droungoi Tourmarches
Droungos 400 2 باندا Droungarios
باندون 200 2 كنتارخياي Count
كنتارخيا 100 10 Kontoubernia كنتارخ/Hekatontarches
50 5 Kontoubernia Pentekontarches
Kontoubernion 10 1 "طليعة" + 1 "حرس المؤخرة" ديكارخوس
"الطليعة" 5 n/a پنتارخ
"حرس المؤخرة" 4 n/a تترارخ

قائمة الثيمات بين ح. 660 و 930

This list includes the large "traditional" themes established in the period from the inception of the theme system in c. 660 to the beginning of the great conquests in c. 930 and the creation of the new, smaller themes.[1]

ثيمة (الاسم باليونانية) التاريخ تأسست من التقسيمات اللاحقة العاصمة الإقليم الأصلي مدن أخرى
بحر إيجة
(thema Aigaiou Pelàgous, Θέμα του Αιγαίου Πελάγους)
by 842/843 Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent droungariate possibly Mytilene or Methymna Lesbos, Lemnos, Chios, Imbros, Tenedos, Hellespont, Sporades and Cyclades Methymna, Mytilene, Chios, Alexandria Troas, Abydos, Lampsakos, Cyzicus, Sestos, Callipolis
Anatolics
(thema Anatolikōn, Θέμα των Ανατολικών)
by 669/670 Former Field Army of the East/Syria Cappadocia§ (830) Amorium Phrygia, Pisidia, Isauria Iconium, Polybotos, Philomelion, Akroinon, Synnada, Sozopolis, Thebasa, Antiochia, Derbe, Laranda, Isaura, Pessinus
Armeniacs
(thema Armeniakōn, Armeniakoi, Θέμα των Αρμενιακών)
by 667/668 Former Field Army of Armenia Chaldia (by 842), Charsianon§ (863), Koloneia (863), Paphlagonia (by 826) Amasea Pontus, Armenia Minor, northern Cappadocia Sinope, Amisus, Euchaita, Comana Pontica
Bucellarians
(thema Boukellarion, Boukellàrioi, Θέμα των Βουκελλαρίων)
by 767/768 Opsikion Paphlagonia (in part), Cappadocia (in part), Charsianon (in part) Ancyra Galatia, Paphlagonia Tios, Heraclea Pontica, Claudiopolis, Cratea, Iuliopolis, Lagania, Gordion
Cappadocia§
(thema Kappadokias, Θέμα Καππαδοκίας)
by 830 Armeniacs, part of the Bucellarians Koron Fortress, later Tyana SW Cappadocia Podandus, Nyssa, Loulon Fortress, Tyana, Nazianzus, Heraclea Cybistra
Cephallenia
(thema Kephallēnias, Θέμα Κεφαλληνίας)
by 809 Langobardia (by 910), ?Nicopolis (by 899) Cephallenia Ionian Islands, Apulia Corfu, Zakynthos, Leucate
Chaldia
(thema Chaldias, Θέμα Χαλδίας)
c. 840 Armeniacs (originally a tourma) Duchy of Chaldia Trebizond Pontic coast Rhizus, Cerasous, Polemonion, Paiperta
Charsianon§
(thema Charsianoù, Θέμα Χαρσιανού)
863–873 Armeniacs (originally a tourma), part of the Bucellarians Caesarea NW Cappadocia Charsianon
Cherson/Klimata
(thema Chersōnos/Klimata, Θέμα Χερσώνος/τα Κλίματα)
833 ruled by the Khazars in the 8th century, Byz. rule rest. by Theophilos Cherson South Crimea Sougdea, Theodosia, Bosporos, Galita
Cibyrrhaeots
(thema Kibyrrhaiotōn, Kibyrrhaiotai, Θέμα των Κυβυρραιωτών)
by 697/698 or c. 720 Created from the Karabisianoi fleet Aegean Sea, Samos, Seleucia Samos, later Attaleia Pamphylia, Lycia, Dodecanese, Aegean Islands, Ionian coast Rhodes, Myra, Cibyrrha, Limyra, Phaselis, Side, Selinus, Anemurium, Sagalassus, Telmissus, Patara, Halicarnassus, Iassus, Mylasa, Selge, Cnidus, Kos
Crete
(thema Krētēs, Θέμα Κρήτης)
by 767 (?), again in 961 Arab emirate from c. 828 until Byz. reconquest in 961 Chandax Crete Rethymnon, Gortys
Dalmatia
(thema Dalmatias, Θέμα Δαλματίας)
by 899 New territory Idassa/Iadera Ragousa, Aspalathos, Polae, Tragyrion, Scardona
Dyrrhachium
(thema Dyrrhachiou, Θέμα Δυρραχίου)
by 842 New territory Dyrrhachium Albanian coast Aulon, Apollonia, Lissos
Hellas
(thema Hellàdos, Helladikoi, Θέμα της Ελλάδος/Ελλαδικών)
c. 690 Karabisianoi Cephallenia (by 809), Peloponnese (by 811) Corinth, later Thebes (after 809) Initially E. Peloponnese and Attica, after 809 eastern Central Greece and Thessaly (after 809) Athens, Larissa, Pharsala, Lamia, Thermopylae, Plataeae, Euripus, Demetrias, Stagoi
Koloneia§
(thema Kolōneias, Θέμα Κολωνείας)
by 863, probably c. 842 Armeniacs, kleisoura by early 9th century Duchy of Chaldia Koloneia North Armenia Minor Satala, Nicopolis, Neocaesarea
Longobardia
(thema Longobardias, Θέμα Λογγοβαρδίας)
by 892 Cephallenia (originally a tourma) Barion Apulia Tarantas, Brindesion, Hydrus, Callipolis
Lykandos
(thema Lykàndou, Θέμα Λυκάνδου)
by 916 New territory Lykandos Fortress SE Cappadocia Arabissos, Cocyssos, Comana
Macedonia
(thema Makedonias, Θέμα Μακεδονίας)
by 802 Thrace Strymon Adrianopolis Western Thrace Didymoteicho, Mosynopolis, Aenos, Maronia
Mesopotamia
(thema Mesopotamias, Θέμα Μεσοποταμίας)
by 899-911 New territory Duchy of Mesopotamia Kamacha[بحاجة لمصدر] upper Euphrates
Nicopolis
(thema Nikopoleōs, Θέμα Νικοπόλεως)
by 899 probably raised from tourma of the Peloponnese Naupaktos Epirus, Aetolia, Acarnania Ioannina, Buthrotum, Rogoi, Dryinoupolis, Nicopolis, Himarra
Opsikion
(Thema of Opsikion, Θέμα του Οψικίου)
by 680 Imperial Praesental Armies Bucellarians (by 768), Optimates (by 775) Nicaea Prussa, Kios, Malagina, Dorylaion, Nakoleia, Krasos, Kotyaion, Midaeum
Optimates
(thema Optimàtōn, Optimatoi, Θέμα των Οπτιμάτων)
by 775 Opsicians Nicomedia Bithynia opposite Constantinople Chalcedon, Chrysopolis
Paphlagonia
(thema Paphlagonias, Θέμα Παφλαγονίας)
by 826, prob. c. 820 Armeniacs, Bucellarians (in part) Gangra Amastris, Ionopolis, Kastamonè, Pompeiopolis
Peloponnese
(thema Peloponnēsou, Θέμα Πελοποννήσου)
by 811 Hellas in part, in part new territory ?Nicopolis (by 899) Corinth Peloponnese Patrae, Argos, Lacedaemon, Korinthos, Helos, Methòne, Elis, Monemvasia
Phasiane (Derzene)
(thema Phasianēs/Derzēnēs, Θέμα Φασιανής/Δερζένης)
by 935 New territory and Theme of Mesopotamia Duchy of Mesopotamia Arsamosata source of Aras
Samos
(thema Samou, Θέμα Σάμου)
by 899 Cibyrrhaeots, raised from independent drungariate of the Gulf Smyrna Southeastern Aegean islands, Ionian coast (shared with Thracesians) Samos, Ephesos, Miletus, Magnesia, Tralles, Lebedos, Teos, Clazomenae, Phocaea, Pergamon, Adramyttion
Sebasteia§
(thema Sebasteias, Θέμα Σεβαστείας)
by 911 Armeniacs, kleisoura by c. 900 Sebasteia Dazimon
Seleucia§
(thema Seleukeias, Θέμα Σελευκείας)
by 934 Cibyrrhaeots, from early 9th century a kleisoura Seleucia Claudiopolis
Sicily
(thema Sikelias, Θέμα Σικελίας)
by 700 Calabria (remaining territory after Muslim conquest of Sicily) Syracuse Sicily and Calabria Katàne, Tavromènion, Panormos, Akragas, Leontini, Himera, Mazzara, Lilybaeum, Drepanum
Strymon§
(thema Strymōnos, Θέμα Στρυμώνος)
by 899, probably 840s Macedonia, raised from kleisoura (709) Neapolis roughly modern Greek Eastern Macedonia Serres
Thessalonica
(thema Thessalonikēs, Θέμα Θεσσαλονίκης)
by 824 Thessalonica roughly modern Greek Central Macedonia Beroia, Edessa, Dion, Ierissos, Moglena, Diocletianopolis, Servia
Thrace
(thema Thrakēs, Θέμα Θράκης/Θρακώον)
by 680 ?Opsicians Macedonia Arcadiopolis Eastern Thrace, except Constantinople Selymbria, Bizye, Perinthus, Rhaedestus
Thracesians
(thema Thrakēsiōn, Thrakēsioi, Θέμα Θρακησίων)
by 687 Former Field Army of Thrace Chonae Hierapolis, Sardeis, Thyatira, Laodikea

Notes:
naval theme (in Greek thema nautikon, θέμα ναυτικόν)
§ Originally established as a kleisoura


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قائمة الثمات الجديدة، ع930–ع1060

These were the new major or minor themes (provinces), established during the Byzantine conquests, in the East (the so-called "Armenian" themes or generalships, strategiai), in Italy and in the Balkans.

Theme (name in Greek) Date Capital Comments
Artze
(Ἄρτζε)
970s Artze A minor theme attested in the Escorial Taktikon. Ceded to David III of Tao in 979, recovered after David's death in 1000 and subordinated to the catepanate of Iberia. The town was destroyed by the Turks in 1049.[2][3]
Asmosaton
(Ἀσμόσατον)
c. 938 Asmosaton A minor theme, it survived until conquered by the Turks in the 1050s.[2][4]
Boleron/Neos Strymon
(thema Voleroù/Nèou Strymōnos, Θέμα Βολερού/Νέου Στρυμώνος)
970s Serres
Bulgaria
(thema Boulgarias, Θέμα Βουλγαρίας)
1018 Scupi established by Emperor Basil II after the victory over Samuel of Bulgaria and the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. It was based on the wider regions of Skopje and Ohrid (modern Republic of Macedonia and south Serbia).
Calabria
(thema Kalavrias, Θέμα Καλαβρίας)
c. 950 Rhegion Following the Muslim conquest of Sicily, from 902 the Theme of Sicily was limited to Calabria, but retained its original name until the middle of the 10th century
Charpezikion
(Χαρπεζίκιον)
949 Charpezikion A minor theme.[5]
Chavzizin
(Χαυζίζιον)
after 940 Chavzizin A minor theme covering the area of the Bingöl Dağ mountains.[6]
Chozanon
(Χόζανον)
before 956, possibly 948/952 Chozanon An "Armenian theme".[4][7]
Cyprus
(thema Kyprou, Θέμα Κύπρου)
965 Leukosia Byzantine-Arab condominium from 688 until the definite Byzantine reconquest in 965.
Derzene
(Δερζηνῆ)
948/952 Chozanon A minor theme, the administration of Derzene was often entrusted to officials of the theme of Chaldia.[4][8]
Edessa
(thema Edēssēs, Θέμα Εδέσσης)
1032 Edessa Captured by George Maniakes in 1032, it became seat of a strategos, later a doux, until conquered by the Turks on 1086.[9]
Euphrates Cities
(Παρευφρατίδαι Πόλεις)
c. 1032 Minor theme.[10]
Hexakomia or Hexapolis
(Ἑξακωμία/Ἑξάπολις)
970s Minor theme, its name means "six villages/cities", a region between Lykandos and Melitene. It apparently was also an episcopal see.[10][11]
Iberia
(θέμα 'Ιβηρίας)
c. 1001 or c. 1023 Theodosiopolis Formed out of the territories of David III of TaoTayk, which he bequeathed to Basil II. The date of establishment is disputed among scholars. United with Ani in 1045 and with Kars in 1064.[12]
Kama
(Κάμα)
970s Minor theme attested only in the Escorial Tactikon, location uncertain.[10][13]
Lucania
(thema Leukanias, Θέμα Λευκανίας)
968 Tursi
Manzikert
(Ματζικέρτ)
1000 Manzikert Part of the territories inherited from David III of Tao, it was the seat of a strategos, later probably a subordinate of the doux of Vaspurakan.[14]
Melitene
(Μελιτηνή)
970s Melitene Became an imperial curatorship (kouratoreia) after conquered by John Kourkouas in 934.[15]
Paristrion/Paradounavon
(thema Paristriou/Paradoùnavon, Θέμα Παριστρίου/Παραδούναβον)
1020 Dorostrolon
Samosata
(Σαμόσατα)
958 Samosata Became the seat of a strategos after the Byzantine conquest in 958.[16]
Sirmium
(thema Sirmiou, Θέμα Σιρμίου)
1018 Sirmium Established in 1018 at the northwestern part of the Bulgarian Empire (Syrmia)
Tarantas
(Τάραντας)
970s Tarantas Minor theme attested only in the Escorial Taktikon.[10][17]
Taron
(Ταρών)
966/7 A dependency of the Empire since the early 10th century, the region of Taron became a theme in 966/7 and remained a Byzantine province until lost to the Turks after Manzikert.[18]
Tephrike/Leontokome§
(thema Tephrikēs/Leontokōmēs, Θέμα Τεφρικής/Λεωντοκώμης)
934/944 Tephrike Formed as a kleisoura after the Byzantine conquest of the Paulician principality of Tephrike, renamed Leontokome under Leo VI the Wise, became a theme in the 930s.[19]
Theodosiopolis
(Θεοδοσιούπολις)
949, again in 1000 Theodosiopolis Formed as a theme after the Byzantine conquest in 949, ceded to David III of Tao in 979, recovered in 1000, it became the capital of the theme of Iberia.
Vaasprakania
(Βαασπρακανία)
1021/2 Established when Seneqerim-Hovhannes, king of Vaspurakan, ceded his realm to the Empire. Governed by a doux/katepano at Van, it lasted until overrun by the Turks after 1071.[20]

الثيمات اللاحقة، القرنان 12–13

ثيمة (الاسم باليونانية) التاريخ العاصمة تعليقات
Maeander after 1204 a minor theme of the Nicaean period, which eventually became part of the southern Thracesian theme.[21]
Mylasa and Melanoudion 1143 a minor theme comprising the territories in Asia Minor south of the Maeander valley, created from parts of the Cibyrrhaeot and Thracesian themes. Its existence continued under the Nicaean Empire.[22]
Neokastra between 1162 and 1173 created from the northern Thracesian theme as part of Manuel Komnenos' reorganization of the Asiatic frontier. Its existence continued under the Nicaean Empire.[23]

References

Sources


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وصلات خارجية