قائمة الكويزرات
تضم هذه المقالة قائمة الكويزرات. رُصد أكثر من مليون كويزر،[1] لذا فإن أي قائمة في الموسوعة هي بالضرورة مجموعة مختارة منها.
التسمية الصحيحة للكويزر تتم عن طريق إدخال الكتالوج، أو Qxxxx±yy باستخدام إحداثيات B1950، أو QSO Jxxxx±yyyy باستخدام إحداثيات J2000. يمكنهم أيضًا استخدام البادئة QSR. لا يوجد حالياً أي كويزارات يمكن رؤيتها بالعين المجردة.
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قائمة الكويزرات
هذه قائمة بأسماء الكويزرات الاستثنائية ذات الخصائص التي لم تُدرج بشكل منفصل.
الكويزر | ملاحظات |
---|---|
الكويزر التوأم | Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image. |
QSR J1819+3845 | Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium. |
CTA-102 | In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization.[2] |
CID-42 | Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar. |
TON 618 | TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici. |
- التعديلات والإضافات المدعومة بمراجع مرحب بها.
قائمة أسماء الكويزرات
هذه قائمة بأسماء الكويزرات، ذات الاسم الشائع، بدلاً من التعيين من مسح أو كتالوج أو قائمة.
الكويزر | أصل الاسم | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|
الكويزر التوأم | From the fact that two images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar is produced. | |
تقاطع أينشتاين | From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing. | |
الكويزر الثلاثي | From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar. | There are actually four images; the fourth is faint. |
Cloverleaf | From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance. | |
Teacup Galaxy | The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets. | Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar. |
قائمة كويزرات بصور متعددة
الكويزر | الصور | العدسات | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|
الكويزر التوأم | 2 | YGKOW G1 | First gravitationally lensed object discovered |
الكويزر الثلاثي (PG 1115+080) | 4 | Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered. | |
تقاطع أينشتاين | 4 | Huchra's Lens | First Einstein Cross discovered |
RX J1131-1231's quasar | 4 | RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy | RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image. |
Cloverleaf | 4[3] | Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission[4] | |
QSO B1359+154 | 6 | CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies | First sextuply-imaged galaxy |
SDSS J1004+4112 | 5 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68 | First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″[5][6][7] |
SDSS J1029+2623 | 3 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6 | The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images[8][9][10] |
SDSS J2222+2745 | 6[11] | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49[12] | First sextuply-lensed galaxy[11] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.[12] Quasar located at z = 2.82[12] |
- التعديلات والإضافات المدعومة بمراجع مرحب بها.
قائمة مجموعات الكويزرات المرئية معاً
الكويزرات | العدد | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|
QSO 1548+115
|
2 | [13][14] |
QSO 1146+111 | 8 | [15] |
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion |
قائمة مجموعات الكويزرات المتقاربة مادياً
الكويزرات | العدد | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster | 4 | First quasar quartet discovered.[16][17] |
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) | 3 | First quasar triplet discovered. It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.[18] |
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
|
2 | Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.[19] |
QQQ J1519+0627 | 3 | [20] |
مجموعات الكويزرات الضخمة
المجموعة | العدد | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|
Webster LQG (LQG 1) |
5 | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[21][22] |
Huge-LQG (U1.27) |
73 | The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.[23][24] |
قائمة الكويزرات ذات الحركة النفاثة فائقة السطوع
الكويزر | السطوع الفائق | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|
3C 279 | 4c | First quasar discovered with superluminal jets[25][26][27][28][29] |
3C 179 | 7.6c | Fifth discovered, first with double lobes[30] |
3C 273 | This is also the first quasar ever identified[31] | |
3C 216 | ||
3C 345 | [31][32] | |
3C 380 | ||
4C 69.21 (Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690) |
||
8C 1928+738 (Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802) |
||
PKS 0637-752 | ||
QSO B1642+690 |
- التعديلات والإضافات المدعومة بمراجع مرحب بها.
أوائل الكويزرات المكتشفة
الاسم | الكويزر | السنة | بيانات | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|---|
أول كويزر مكتشف | 3C 48 | 1960 | first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object | |
أول "نجم" يكتشف ثم يتأكد أنه كويزر | ||||
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar | ||||
أول كويزر يتم التحقق منه | 3C 273 | 1962 | first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum. | |
First radio-quiet quasar | QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1) | 1965 | The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.[27][33][34] | |
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered | 3C 48 | 1982 | ||
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy | HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) | 2005 | Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not. | |
First multi-core quasar | PG 1302-102 | 2014 | Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar | [35][36] |
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole | SDSS J0927+2943 | 2008 | Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s | |
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified | Twin Quasar | 1979 | Lensed into 2 images | The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1 |
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion | 3C 279 | 1971 | [25][26][27] | |
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure | 3C 47 | 1964 | ||
First quasar found to be an X-ray source | 3C 273 | 1967 | [37] | |
First "dustless" quasar found | QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 | 2010 | [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] | |
First Large Quasar Group discovered | Webster LQG (LQG 1) |
1982 | [21][22] |
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الكويزرات القصوى
الاسم | الكويزر | بيانات | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|
الأكثر لمعاناً | 3C 273 | Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 | Absolute magnitude: −26.7 |
Seemingly optically brightest | APM 08279+5255 | Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 | This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5 |
الأكثر سطوعاً | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Absolute magnitude of −32.36 | Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far. |
Most powerful quasar radio source | 3C 273 | Also the most powerful radio source in the sky | |
الأكثر قوة | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | ||
Most variable quasar radio source | QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) | Also the most variable extrasolar radio source | |
Least variable quasar radio source | |||
Most variable quasar optical source | |||
Least variable quasar optical source | |||
الأبعد | UHZ1 | z = 10.1 | Most distant quasar known as of 2023[45] |
Most distant radio-quiet quasar | |||
Most distant radio-loud quasar | QSO J1427+3312 | z = 6.12 | Found June 2008[46][47] |
Most distant blazar quasar | PSO J0309+27 | z > 6 | |
الأقرب | Markarian 231 | 600 Mly | [48] inactive: IC 2497 |
Largest Large Quasar Group | Huge-LQG (U1.27) |
73 quasars | [23][24] |
Fastest Growing Quasar | SMSS J052915.80–435152.0 (QSO J0529-4351) | ∼ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency); ~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model) | [49][50] |
أول الكويزرات المكتشفة
الترتيب | الكويزر | تاريخ الاكتشاف | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3C 273 | 1963 | [51] |
2 | 3C 48 | 1963 | [51] |
3 | 3C 47 | 1964 | [51] |
3 | 3C 147 | 1964 | [51] |
5 | CTA 102 | 1965 | [52] |
5 | 3C 287 | 1965 | [52] |
5 | 3C 254 | 1965 | [52] |
5 | 3C 245 | 1965 | [52] |
5 | 3C 9 | 1965 | [52] |
These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined. |
الكويزرات الأكثر بعداً
النوع | الكويزر | التاريخ | المسافة | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|---|
الأكثر بعداً | QSO J0313–1806 | 2021 | z = 7.64 | [54] |
Most distant radio loud quasar | QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 | 2008 | z = 6.12 | |
Most distant radio quiet quasar | ||||
Most distant OVV quasar |
الكويزر | التاريخ | المسافة | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|
QSO J0313–1806 | 2021–present | z = 7.64 | Current record holder.[54] |
ULAS J1342+0928 | 2017–2021 | z = 7.54 | [72] |
ULAS J1120+0641 | 2011–2017 | z = 7.085 | Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7.[55] |
CFHQS J2329-0301 (CFHQS J232908-030158) |
2007–2011 | z = 6.43 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006.[56][57][58][59][73][74][75] |
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3 (SDSS J1148+5251) |
2003–2007 | z = 6.419 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58.[60][61][62][59][73][76][77][78][79][80] |
SDSS J1030+0524 (SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) |
2001–2003 | z = 6.28 | Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6.[65][63][66][67][69][70] |
SDSS 1044-0125 (SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) |
2000–2001 | z = 5.82 | Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object.[81][82][69][70][73][83][84] |
RD300 (RD J030117+002025) |
2000 | z = 5.50 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[85][86][82][87][73] |
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6 (SDSS J1204-0021) |
2000 | z = 5.03 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[87][73] |
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3 (QSO J0338+0021) |
1998–2000 | z = 5.00 | First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998).[73][81][88][89][90][91][92] |
PC 1247+3406 | 1991–1998 | z = 4.897 | Most distant object when discovered.[81][93][94][95][96] |
PC 1158+4635 | 1989–1991 | z = 4.73 | Most distant object when discovered.[81][96][97][98][99][100] |
Q0051-279 | 1987–1989 | z = 4.43 | Most distant object when discovered.[101][97][100][102][103][104] |
Q0000-26 (QSO B0000-26) |
1987 | z = 4.11 | Most distant object when discovered.[101][97][105] |
PC 0910+5625 (QSO B0910+5625) |
1987 | z = 4.04 | Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4.[81][97][106][107] |
Q0046–293 (QSO J0048-2903) |
1987 | z = 4.01 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4.[101][97][106][108][109] |
Q1208+1011 (QSO B1208+1011) |
1986–1987 | z = 3.80 | Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.[106][110][111] |
PKS 2000-330 (QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330) |
1982–1986 | z = 3.78 | Most distant object when discovered.[112][106][113][114] |
OQ172 (QSO B1442+101) |
1974–1982 | z = 3.53 | Most distant object when discovered.[115][116][117] |
OH471 (QSO B0642+449) |
1973–1974 | z = 3.408 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[115][117][118][119][120] |
4C 05.34 | 1970–1973 | z = 2.877 | Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[112][121][117][122][123] |
5C 02.56 (7C 105517.75+495540.95) |
1968–1970 | z = 2.399 | Most distant object when discovered.[123][124][125] |
4C 25.05 (4C 25.5) |
1968 | z = 2.358 | Most distant object when discovered.[123][125][126] |
PKS 0237-23 (QSO B0237-2321) |
1967–1968 | z = 2.225 | Most distant object when discovered.[112][126][127][128][129] |
4C 12.39 (Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12) |
1966–1967 | z = 2.1291 | Most distant object when discovered.[125][129][130][131] |
4C 01.02 (Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1) |
1965–1966 | z = 2.0990 | Most distant object when discovered.[125][129][130][132] |
3C 9 | 1965 | z = 2.018 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2.[2][33][129][133][134][135] |
3C 147 | 1964–1965 | z = 0.545 | First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.[136][137][138][139] |
3C 48 | 1963–1964 | z = 0.367 | Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[27][112][140][141][142][51][136] |
3C 273 | 1963 | z = 0.158 | First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[27][51][141][142][143] |
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الكويزرات الأكثر قوة
الترتيب | الكويزر | بيانات | ملاحظات |
---|---|---|---|
1 | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts | [144] |
2 | HS 1946+7658 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts | [145][146] |
3 | SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 | Has over 1041 watts luminosity | [147][148] |
4 | HS 1700+6416 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts | [149] |
5 | SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 | Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts | [150] |
6 | SBS 1425+606 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 | [151] |
J1144-4308 | Has a luminosity of 4.7 x 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = -29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr | [152] | |
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 | [153][154] | ||
S5 0014+813 | [149][155] | ||
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 | z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84 | ||
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 | [156] |
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ Subir Sarkar (Jan 20, 2021). "Re-examining cosmic acceleration" (PDF). Sommerfeld Theory Colloquium, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. p. 41.
- ^ أ ب "Toward the Edge of the Universe". Time Magazine. May 21, 1965. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
- ^ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). "Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117". Nature. 334 (6180): 325–327. Bibcode:1988Natur.334..325M. doi:10.1038/334325a0. S2CID 4366260.
- ^ Venturini, S.; Solomon, P. M. (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". The Astrophysical Journal. 590 (2): 740–745. arXiv:astro-ph/0210529. Bibcode:2003ApJ...590..740V. doi:10.1086/375050. S2CID 761080.
- ^ Inada, N.; et al. (2003). "A Gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds". Nature. 426 (6968): 810–812. arXiv:astro-ph/0312427. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..810I. doi:10.1038/nature02153. PMID 14685230. S2CID 4411894.
- ^ Oguri, M.; et al. (2004). "Observations and Theoretical Implications of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (1): 78–97. arXiv:astro-ph/0312429. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605...78O. doi:10.1086/382221. S2CID 15594674.
- ^ Inada, N.; et al. (2005). "Discovery of a Fifth Image of the Large Separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 57 (3): L7–L10. arXiv:astro-ph/0503310. Bibcode:2005PASJ...57L...7I. doi:10.1093/pasj/57.3.L7.
- ^ Inada, Naohisa; et al. (2006). "SDSS J1029+2623: A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar with an Image Separation of 22."5". The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (2): L97–L100. arXiv:astro-ph/0611275. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653L..97I. doi:10.1086/510671. S2CID 7368712.
- ^ Oguri, Masamune; et al. (2008). "The Third Image of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (1): L1–L4. arXiv:0802.0002. Bibcode:2008ApJ...676L...1O. doi:10.1086/586897. S2CID 740758.
- ^ Kratzer, Rachael M; et al. (2011). "Analyzing the Flux Anomalies of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (1): L18. arXiv:1008.2315. Bibcode:2011ApJ...728L..18K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/728/1/L18. S2CID 119154857.
- ^ أ ب ScienceDaily, "Quasar Observed in Six Separate Light Reflections", 7 August 2013
- ^ أ ب ت Dahle, H.; et al. (2013). "SDSS J2222+2745: A Gravitationally Lensed Sextuple Quasar with a Maximum Image Separation of 15.1″ Discovered in the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (2): 146. arXiv:1211.1091. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773..146D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/146. S2CID 89604876.
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115
- ^ Burke, Bernard F. (1986). "Gravitational lenses - Observations". Quasars, Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, Bangalore, India, 2–6 December 1985. Vol. 119. D. Reidel Publishing Co. p. 517. Bibcode:1986IAUS..119..517B.
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ignored (help) - ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111
- ^ Space Daily, "Astronomers Baffled by Discovery of Rare Quasar Quartet", 18 May 2015
- ^ Hennawi, Joseph F.; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio (15 May 2015). "Quasar Quartet Embedded in Giant Nebula Reveals Rare Massive Structure in Distant Universe". Science. 348 (6236): 779–783. arXiv:1505.03786. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..779H. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5397. PMID 25977547. S2CID 35281881.
- ^ Robert Naeye (10 January 2007). "The First Triple Quasar". Sky & Telescope.
- ^ Alan MacRobert (7 July 2006). "Binary Quasar Is No Illusion". Sky & Telescope.
- ^ SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)
- ^ أ ب Webster, A (1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 199 (3): 683–705. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W. doi:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683.
- ^ أ ب Clowes, Roger (2001). "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review". In Clowes, Roger; Adamson, Andrew; Bromage, Gordon (eds.). The new era of wide field astronomy : proceedings of a conference held at the Centre for Astrophysics, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom, 21-24 August 2000. Vol. 232. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 108. Bibcode:2001ASPC..232..108C. ISBN 1-58381-065-X.
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ignored (help) - ^ أ ب Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013). "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 429 (4): 2910–2916. arXiv:1211.6256. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497.
- ^ أ ب ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
- ^ أ ب Unwin, Stephen C. (1987). "Superluminal motion in the quasar 3C279". Superluminal radio sources; Proceedings of the Workshop, Pasadena, Calif., 28–30 October 1986. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–39. Bibcode:1987slrs.work...34U.
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<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةIllingworth
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{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Origin of Matter Part 4
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