السمع والتواصل لدى الضفادع

Frogs and toads produce a rich variety of sounds, calls, and songs during their courtship and mating rituals. The callers, usually males, make stereotyped sounds in order to advertise their location, their mating readiness and their willingness to defend their territory; listeners respond to the calls by return calling, by approach, and by going silent. These responses have been shown to be important for species recognition, mate assessment, and localization. Beginning with the pioneering experiments of Robert Capranica in the 1930s using playback techniques with normal and synthetic calls, behavioral biologists and neurobiologists have teamed up to use frogs and toads as a model system for understanding the auditory function and evolution. It is now considered an important example of the neural basis of animal behavior, because of the simplicity of the sounds, the relative ease with which neurophysiological recordings can be made from the auditory nerve, and the reliability of localization behavior. Acoustic communication is essential for the frog's survival in both territorial defense and in localization and attraction of mates. Sounds from frogs travel through the air, through water, and through the substrate. The neural basis of communication and audition gives insights into the science of sound applied to human communication.

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 See also

• Neuroethology
• Frogs
• Umwelt
• Vision in toads
• Animal echolocation

 References

Notes

• Capranica, Robert R. (1965) The Evoked Vocal Response of the Bullfrog. MIT PRESS, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (110p.)
• Albert S. Feng. Neuroscience Program University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 17 Dec 2007
• Long, Kim. Frogs A Wildlife Handbook. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Printing, 1999.
• Mundry, KM, and RR Capranica. "Correlation between auditory evoked responses in the thalamus and species-specific call characteristics. I Rana catesbeiana." Journal of Comp Physiology 160(1987): (4):477-89.
• McClelland, BE., W. Wilczynski, and AS. Rand. Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Sexual dimorphism and species differences in the neurophysiology and morphology of the acoustic communication system of two neotropical hylids.
• Narins, PM, and RR Capranica. "Neural adaptations for processing the two-note call of the Puerto Rican treefrog, Eleutherodactylus coqui." Brain Behavioral Evolution 17(1)(1980): 48-66.

 External links

Neuroethology course link

• http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb424/

Feng

• http://www.life.uiuc.edu/neuroscience/people/showpeople.php?person=faculty/afeng1
• https://web.archive.org/web/20070517215838/http://www.beckman.uiuc.edu/directory/index.php?qry=BY_NETID&type=BIO&filter=afeng1
• https://web.archive.org/web/20071215062406/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/ultrasonicfrogs/

Narins

• http://www.physci.ucla.edu/Faculty/Narins/research/research.html
• https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090303/http://www.acoustics.org/press/swa9501.html
• http://www.physci.ucla.edu/Faculty/Narins/publications/pdfs/Sun%20and%20Narins%20BC.pdf
• http://www.physci.ucla.edu/Faculty/Narins/publications/pdfs/NarinsJCP2.pdf
• http://www.physci.ucla.edu/Faculty/Narins/publications/publications.html

Sound library

• http://www.animalbehaviorarchive.org/assetSearch.do?method=searchCQL&query=%22Rana%22+and+%22catesbeiana%22&firstRecord=1&maximumRecords=9&totalResults=37&view=list&sortKeys=audioQual,ascending=false
• https://web.archive.org/web/20071205032005/http://www.animalbehaviorarchive.org/assetSearchInterim.do